Download Summary of the White Paper on Manufacturing Industries

June 2010
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology
Summary of the White Paper on Manufacturing Industries (Monodzukuri) 2010
[ Chart 1-1 Changes in production volume from the recession ]
(output at each economic peak being 100)
[ Chart 1-2 Contribution of manufacturing industry production index
by industry ]
（％）
Transport
30
130
Since January
1977
77年1月～
120
0
From
November 2000
00年11月～
Another prevailing trend is to select investment purposes in the light of the level of the market recovery by, for example,
developing new products and making products more sophisticated at domestic bases and taking measures for capacity
expansion at overseas bases. (Chart 1-4)
-36-30-24-18-12 -6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
(Number
（景気の谷of months from
the
economic trough)
からの月数）
Source: “Industrial Production Index,” Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
For descriptive purposes, February 2009 was set as 0 month.
[ Chart 1-3 Correlation between the investment growth
on a year-over-year basis and the capacity utilization index ]
[ Chart 1-4 priorities in capital investment in fiscal 2010 ]
（％）
120
30
（％）
Index of producers’ inventory (left axis)
(4) Employment
The unemployment rate reached a record high of 5.6% in July 2009 and thereafter gradually declined to 5.0% in March
2010. The active job opening to applicant ratio reached a record low at 0.42 in August 2009 and thereafter rose to 0.49
in March 2010. In spite of this movement towards recovery, the job market still remains quite severe. (Chart 1-5)
The excess employment sentiment of enterprises that expanded rapidly in the first half of 2009 has thereafter gradually
shrunk.
The proportion of enterprises which had implemented some form of employment adjustment was nearly 50% in the
second quarter of 2009.In particular, the proportion reached 70% in manufacturing industries. However, thereafter, it
has been on the decrease. (Chart 1-6)
In order to improve the employment situation that still remains severe, the government formulated the “Emergency
Package of Employment Measures ” in October 2009 and the “Emergency Economic Countermeasures for Future
Growth and Security” in December of the same year. Measures to be undertaken by the Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare are as follows:
110
100
Investment growth on a year-over-year basis
(right 設備投資額（前年同期比伸び率、右軸）
axis)
70
稼働率指数（左軸）
60
b) Providing free vocational training for those who are not eligible to receive unemployment benefits, and providing
training and livelihood support benefits during such training periods
50
10
40
0
30
▲ 10
20
▲ 20
10
▲ 30
0
国内製造拠点（n=1,363）
Domestic
production base (n = 1,363)
Overseas
production base (n = 301)
海外製造拠点(n=301)
46.5
29.4
25.6
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
(year)
（年）
Source: “Industrial Production Index”, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry;
“Corporate Survey,” Ministry of Finance
[ Chart 1-5 Changes in the unemployment rate and
the active job opening to applicant ratio ]
(Times)
（倍）
（％）
1.10
5.5
1.00
0.90
80
（ ％）
26.0
19.2
15.6
9.6
14.6
4.6
0.80
(3) Strengthening support for new graduates (e.g. ,promoting the deployment of career counselors at high schools and
universities)
0.70
2.3
調査産業計
All industries surveyed
Manufacturing製造業
industries
70
5.0
(2) Strengthening support for the poor and needy (e.g., implementation of the “one-stop service day” on a trial basis)
5.1
1.3
そ
研
維
合
新
の
究
持
理
製
他
開
・
化
品
発
補
・
・
修the Ministry of Economy,
省 Source: Survey by
製
Trade and Industry (February 2010)
力
品
Note: Data were taken from companies that indicated
化 that their capital investment in fiscal 2010 would
高
“increase” or “increase in some areas and decrease in
度
other areas” compared to that in fiscal 2009.
化
[ Chart 1-6 Changes in the proportion of enterprises
that implemented employment adjustment ]
能
力
増
強
▲ 40
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ（四半期）
(Quarter)
(1) Measures to maintain and create employment
a) Easing the conditions for the subsidies for employment adjustment and for small and medium-sized
enterprises for emergency employment stabilization
20
90
80
(Recession/
economic
（景気後退・
recovery
回復期）
period)
Others
In contrast with regard to capital investment, the utilization level remains low due to the low level of production and it
has not yet reached a level where the capital investment would be recovered. (Chart 1-3)
From
October 2007
07年10月～
60
Maintenance
and repairs
(3) Capital investment
From February 2009
09年2月→10年2月
February 2010
through
▲ 40
From
May 1997
97年5月～
70
From October 2007
07年10月→09年2月
February 2009
through
From
February 1991
91年2月～
From January 2002
02年1月→07年10月
October 2007
through
▲ 30
From
June 1985
85年6月～
This
今回time
Research and
development
From
February 1980
80年2月～
80
Steel
industry
鉄鋼業
Chemical
化学工業industry
Electric
machinery industry
電気機械工業
Electronic
components and devices industry
電子部品・デバイス工業
General
machinery
一般機械工業
Transport
machinery
輸送機械工業
Other
industries
その他工業
Manufacturing
industries
製造工業
▲ 20
From
January 1977
77年1月～
From November 2000
00年11月→02年1月
January 2002
through
Recession
period
景気後退期
90
General
machinery
▲ 10
From 1990s
90年代以降
onwards
Rationalization /
labor saving
100
New products /
product sophistication
The current recovery of output has been brought about as a result of the effects of economic measures and is also
sustained by strong demand in China and other Asian nations. Comparison with previous economic recovery periods by
industry demonstrates that the current increase in production is being lead by transport machinery. (Chart 1-2)
10
110
From October 1993
93年10月→97年4月
April 1997
through
(2) Trends by industry
Electronic
components
and devices
Capacity expansion
Since fiscal 2009, the output of manufacturing industries has been recovering, although it still remains lower than the
previous economic troughs, being up to the level equivalent to 85% of the peak period in 2007 (the peak of the
economic boom). (Chart 1-1)
20
1980s
80年代
(1) Production
machinery
From February 1991
91年2月→93年10月
through October 1993
Chapter 1: Status of Manufacturing Industries in Japan in correlation with
changes in domestic and overseas economies
60
4.5
50
40
0.60
4.0
0.50
30
20
0.40
3.5
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Active job opening
to applicant ratio (left scale)
有効求人倍率（左目盛り）
Unemployment
rate (right scale)
完全失業率（右目盛り）
09
10
(Year)
（年）
Note:
Seasonally adjusted value
Source: “Labour Force Survey,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;
" Employment Statistics,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
10
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
Source: “Survey on Labour Economy Trends,”
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
07
08
09
(Year)
（ 年）
1
[ Chart 2-1 Nominal GDP share of world’s major regions ]
（％）
80
Chapter 2: Challenges and Prospects facing Japan’s Monodzukuri industries
Developed
先進国
nations
70
- Restructuring the business strategy in Monodzukuri industries in Japan in order to
respond to international structural changes
60
EU
EU
46％
40
Having gone through the Lehman shock, on-going environmental changes facing the manufacturing industries in Japan
since the beginning of this century have become evident.
2015年（予測）
2015
(forecast)
47%
55%
Product
製品開発
development
24%
応用設計
Applied
design
32%
South
韓国
China
中国
ASEAN
ASEAN
41%
40%
13%
Awareness
of competitors low and few measures being taken
同業他社の意識が低く対応が進まない
6%
Lack
of progress in coordination with industry groups
業界団体等との意見調整が進まない
5%
Source: Survey by
the Ministry of
Economy, Trade
and Industry
(January 2010)
[ Chart 2-7 Initiatives to make the best use of
technological capabilities to raise revenues ]
(1) Take advantage of coordination capabilities between domestic supply chains
 In cooperation with partner companies, core components, such as engines, that affect
Present
performance and emissions performance and fuel efficiency, are being produced
現在
domestically on an exclusive basis. Body assembly is done in areas where there exists a
Five years
from now
5年後
40%
large demand. (Komatsu Ltd. )
Basic design
基本設計
35%
(2) Strengthen services and other downstream businesses
34%
 In order to expand and strengthen the services and operation
Chart 2-4 Biggest competitors in emerging markets ]
business concerning its motor business, the company set up
South Korea /
United
services stations in various parts of the world.
China,
EU,
Japan,
(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Taiwan,
States,
26%
15%
29%
(3)
Innovative measures to increase the appeal of products to raise their value
18%
6%
 Retail sales with counseling services facilitates gaining the understanding of
(n=896)
consumers and, at the same time, establishes itself as a luxury brand.
Other emerging nations 6%
(Shiseido Co., Ltd.)
Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry  Ergonomics is introduced into machine tools to enhance the operability and
(January 2010)
visibility. Yamazaki Mazak Corporation)
15%
11%
7%
Basic
research
基礎研究
[
Japan
日本
Lack of information about standards
標準等に関する情報が手に入らない
43%
35%
30%
26%
EU
EU
Cost effectiveness is unclear, which discourages initiatives
費用対効果が明確でなく積極的に取り組めない
《減少上位３位》
on the decrease >
Processing
technology
US
米国
Source: “RIETI-TID 2009”
Korea
Export Specialization Index:
(exports – imports of intermediate goods) / (exports + imports of intermediate goods)
Lack of personnel who are familiar with standards
標準等に精通した人材が不足している
Source: Survey by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry
< Top three (3) activities
(January 2010)
加工技術
-0.25
[ Chart 2-6 Challenges in applying the international standards ]
68%
5%
10%
18%
Applied
応用研究
research
Five years
ago
5年前
[ Chart 2-5 Outflow pathway of technologies and, of these, the demographic outflow pathways through people ]
31%
Japanese
employees (regular employees)
日本人の従業員（正規社員）
10%
5%
Japanese
employees
(non-regular
employees)
日本人の従業員（非正規社員） 0%
39%
Leakage
through people
人を通じた流出
49%
Japanese
employees retired
30%
日本人の退職者
12%
1%
Local
employees (regular employees)
現地人の従業員（正規社員）
31%
49%
Leakage through products
2%
製品等を通じた流出
Local現地人の従業員（非正規社員）
employees (non-regular employees)
12%
57%
Local
employees retired 0%
現地人の退職者
24%
Leakage through technical data
技術データを通じた流出
国内拠点
16%
Domestic
base
3%
Employees of合弁・提携先企業の従業員
joint venture/partner companies
国内拠点base
12%
(e.g., drawings and manufacturing data)
Domestic
19%
Overseas
海外拠点base
（図面・製造データ等）
18% Overseas
Employees of customer
companies
海外拠点 base
取引先の従業員
15%
Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (January 2010)
[ Chart 2-8 Changes in parties
who exert influence in the transaction structure ]
Existing automobiles (transport equipment)
n=68
既存自動車（輸送用機械器具）
n=68
(%)
60
Next-generation automobiles (hybrid cars, electric cars, fuel cell cars) n=128 n=128
次世代自動車（ハイブリッド車、電気自動車、燃料電池車）
40
Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry (January 2010)
20
[ Chart 2-10 Changes in investment for the purposes of responding to
environmental constraints ]
(investment in fiscal 2009
(compared
0
20
40to fiscal
60 2008))
80
0
20
40
60
80
100 （％）
100 (%)
Total capital
設備投資全体
investment
(n=3,267)
(n=3,267)
環境制約への対応に係る
Total
investment for responding to
environmental
constraints (n=1,400)
投資額全体(n=1,400)
メ
ー
カ
ー
中
核
部
品
そ
メ の
ー
他
カ
ー部
品
素
カ 材
ー メ
ー
原
材
業
料
者
流
通
製
品
者流
通
業
Others
最
終
製
品
Product
distributors
メ
ー
カ
ー
Raw materials
distributors
←increased
増加 変化なし
減少 →
no change decreased
Materials
manufacturers
0
Other parts
manufacturers
With economic developments in emerging nations, it is expected that the world consumption of resources and energy
will further increase and that, at the same time, constraints will become more stringent in order to contain global
warming. Against this background, manufacturing companies in Japan intend to reduce overall investment, partly due to
the effects of global recession, while maintaining and increasing investment for the purposes of responding to
environmental constraints. (Chart 2-10, 2-11)
Also, while not a few companies are of the opinion that environmental constraints would raise their competitiveness,
many companies, including small and medium-sized enterprises, recognize that environmental constraints pose a risk
to their business management.
2008年
2008
-0.2
《増加上位３位》
on the increase >
Core parts
suppliers
(4) Manufacturing industries in Japan are required to deal with resource and environmental constraints
中国除アジア主要国
Major Asian nations, excluding China
ロシア
China
Russia
中国
ブラジル
Brazil
2000年
2000
End-product
manufacturers
Initiatives with a focus on keeping the core technologies are important in order to take the initiative in next-generation
industries. (Chart 2-8) In this context, it is important that companies should formulate a research and development
strategy in reference to a medium-term outlook. (Chart 2-9)
It is also important to create an environment that would allow development of next-generation industries ahead of the
rest of the world, including a scheme of financial assistance for next-generation industries and a program of
demonstration experiments.
Japan
日本
[ Chart 2-3 Development and design activities being carried out
at the local base ]
< Top three (3) activities
(2) Restructuring of the manufacturing (monodzukuri) structure in Japan in order to respond to
changes in global markets
(3) Initiatives by manufacturing industries with a view to adapting to change and developing
next-generation industries
-0.1
-0.15
Source: “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010” on a US$ basis, IMF
Major Asian nations/regions excluding China refer to: ASEAN, India, South Korea
and Taiwan.
• On the other hand, with regard to the intermediate goods for which Japan is said to keep a strong competitive edge,
South Korea and China have gradually been raising their competitiveness. As a result of the progress in global supply
chains, Japan’s “edge” is being threatened. (Chart 2-2)
In the light of these environmental changes, restructuring of business strategy is called for, in order to win the demand
from new growing markets in emerging nations and, at the same time, to maintain and strengthen manufacturing
industries in Japan as supply bases for sophisticated parts and products by making the best use of its advanced
manufacturing (monodzukuri) capability.
Vis-à-vis growing emerging markets, Japanese companies intend to promote localization of product development and
applied design (model changes). (Chart 2-3) It is important to establish a structure to supply products whose value and
price will meet the needs of markets, including coordination with local companies in terms of procurement and the use
of sales networks.
The main competitors for Japanese companies in emerging markets are companies from China, South Korea and
Taiwan, which are increasing their roles.
At the same time, competition among Japanese companies is still going on while overseas companies are raising their
competitiveness through restructuring measures. (Chart 2-4)
In order to add value by making the best use of technological capabilities, it is necessary for companies to ensure the
superiority of their own technologies. However, there are many cases of technology leakage, not only through products
but also through people, such as employees and retirees. (Chart 2-5) Education and training of human resources is
also necessary to apply the standards. (Chart 2-6)
In order for manufacturing industries in Japan to remain as supply bases of sophisticated parts and products, it is
essential to raise the competitiveness of their location and take advantage of the strength of domestic bases in terms of
preventing technology leakage and ensuring coordination, as well as to take various innovative measures to expand the
range of income sources, including services, and to increase the appeal of products to raise their value so as not to be
trapped in the price competition. (Chart 2-7) In monodzukuri industries based on domestic tradition and cultures,, such
as traditional crafts, efforts are urgently required to develop international markets to expand their reach, to promote
their branding, and to secure and educate successors.
0
Other
0
2008年
-0.05
その他地域
regions
10
2000年
0.2
1990年
0.05
28％
United
米国
States
20
• While markets in developed nations become mature, emerging nations have increased their shares of GDP and have
also increased their role as both production bases and markets . (Chart 2-1)
0.25
0.1
38％
Emerging
新興国等
nations
30
[ Chart 2-2 Changes in the export specialization index
of intermediate goods ]
0.15
50
(1) Manufacturing industries in Japan face structural changes in the global economy
0.3
そ
の
他
[ Chart 2-9 Example of initiatives undertaken with a view to
taking the initiative in terms of core technology ]
 GS Yuasa Corporation has taken an active approach to the development of core
technologies, including lithium-ion battery materials and structures, and to getting
them patented. It has invested in a company established jointly with assembly
manufacturers to produce lithium batteries for automobiles and has a 51% stake.
Investment２０％以上投資額が増加
has increased by more than 20%
A 5-10% increase
in investment
５～１０％程度投資額が増加
A 5-10 decrease
in investment
５～１０％程度投資額が減少
Investment has decreased by more than 20%
A 10-20% increase in investment
１０～２０％程度投資額が増加
No change in investment 5%
投資額に変化なし±５％
A 10-20% decrease in investment
１０～２０％程度投資額が減少
２０％以上投資額が減少
Source: Survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (December 2010)
[ Chart 2-11 Improvement of energy and resources savings
through cooperation between enterprises ]
 19 companies involved in LCD panel production operate in Sharp
Green Front Sakai at the factory of Sharp Corporation in Sakai City.
Through the accumulation effect and coordination between
enterprises, the use of energy as well as the production
management information within the complex has been centralized,
thereby increasing its efficiency.
2
[ Chart 3-1 Environmental changes from 3 years ago to date ]
Chapter 3: Employment strategy and development of human resources
for sustainable recovery
0%
20%
Product
prices have gone down
製品の価格が下がっている
With regard to specific challenges facing enterprises in Japan, a great number of enterprises pointed out that “product
prices have gone down” compared to three years ago, that “competition in terms of product quality has intensified,” and
that “the needs of customers have diversified.” It is evident that they find themselves in a difficult situation where, while
product prices have dropped, quality competition has become more severe. (Chart 3-1)
At the top of the list of factors to be evaluated in comparison with other enterprises of the same size in the same
industry are those relevant to the improvement and the exercise of capabilities of skilled workers, such as flexibility to
meet detailed specific conditions set by the order, product quality, and the quality of skilled workers. (Chart 3-2)
Competition in terms of product quality
has intensified
Technological innovation has
技術革新のスピードが速まっている
The skill level companies expect from skilled workers is high. At the moment, 40 – 50% of enterprises evaluate that the
capabilities of these workers have not reached a satisfactory level. (Chart 3-4)
In terms of the knowledge and skills companies expect from skilled workers, individual skills in individual fields are not
sufficient. Capabilities to manage the whole production line, including knowledge and skills to rationalize the production
process, are valued. (Chart 3-5)
In terms of initiatives being undertaken for the purposes of developing the capabilities of skilled workers, focus is placed
on “encouraging improvement and suggestions” concerning the production line and “technical education” in many cases,
demonstrating high expectations in these areas. (Chart 3-6)
With regard to the use of non-regular skilled workers, up to 30% of enterprises make efforts in terms of their job
placement and terms and conditions by, for example, assigning a job according to their capabilities and offering terms
and conditions according to their work to be done. However, only a few enterprises provide these workers with mid- to
long-term career prospects. (Chart 3-7) It is therefore necessary to develop career prospects for overall non-regular
workers from a mid- to long-term perspective by appropriately evaluating their vocational capabilities and by making use
of their capabilities for as long as possible.
(3) Skill development measures related to monodzukuri
Public job training programs are designed to provide training aimed at developing and training highly skilled workers
who may become core human resources in monodzukuri industries in the future and training for the existing workers to
respond to new technologies and improve the production process.
The skills test is a national certification program to test and certify skills of workers on certain criteria. It is designed to
motivate workers, including monodzukuri workers, to acquire skills and has contributed to improving the stoical status of
workers.
The “job card system” has been launched to help “freeters” and those who have little experience of working as full-time
workers to raise their awareness through comprehensive career counseling, identify the issues they face, and find fulltime employment, by providing these people with an opportunity for practical vocational training comprising job training
at companies and lectures as well as by summarizing evaluations from companies and their job experiences in a job
card. Efforts will be made to further promote the system in monodzukuri and other areas.
Other programs include the introduction of the National Skills Competition to raise the social awareness of skilled
workers by fostering an atmosphere of respect for skilled workers. (Chart 3-8)
無
0%
Managers/supervisors
管理・監督担当者
20%
13.4
40%
60%
37.0
53.9
Technically
skilled workers
技術者的技能者
14.7
49.0
Highly skilled workers
高度熟練技能者
19.4
42.4
33.0
答
Excellent
優れている
Slightly inferior
やや劣っている
100%
Not necessary
in general
元々必要ない
20%
39.4
Cross-trained 多能工
workers
43.0
20
40
Operation
of the measurement system
計測システムのオペレーション
Others
その他
29.4
27.8
41.4
100%
10.9
39.9
8.7
36.4
10.0
36.8
31.5
61.7
65.8
Technical education
12.3
製造現場での小集団活動・ＱＣサークル
Encouraging small group activities/QC circles
at等の奨励
production site
Encouraging exchange of views and opinions
技能系正社員と技術スタッフとの意見交
as well as cooperation between
換や協働体制の奨励
regular technical
employees and technical staff
8.0
0.3
46.6
50.5
41.2
52.1
35.9
Promotion of manuals and digitization of skills
技能のマニュアル化・デジタル化の推進
0.8
20
40
36.6
労働条件に関して、働きに
Offering
terms and conditions
according to their work
応じた処遇を心がけている
(%)
100
66.0
61.4
技能系正社員に対する技術教育
for regular technical employees
21.2
10.5
8.9
Slightly 期待する水準に比べてやや高い
higher than expected
Encouraging improvement and suggestions
能力に応じて仕事を
Assigning
a job according
to their capabilities
与えるなど工夫している
56.8
22.5
34.2
13.6
34.8
(%)
Initiatives currently being undertaken
現在実施している取組
Initiatives on which a greater emphasis will be
今後３年間で強化したい取組
placed
in the next three years
[ Figure 3-8 National Skills Competition 2008 ]
33.0
Encouraging
them to participate
職場の小集団活動やＱＣ
in small group activities and QC circles
サークルなどに参加させている
at production site
21.1
担当する業務を一定の
Restricting their
assignment only up to
a certain
extent
範囲に制限している
21.0
Placing an emphasis
on implementation of
教育訓練の実施や、実施の
education and training programs, and
支援に力をいれている
assisting the implementation
of such programs
17.7
Keeping the number of these workers only
人数を一定以下に抑えている
up to a certain level
14.9
Placing
an emphasis on
中長期的なキャリア形成や
developing mid- to long-term career prospects,
支援に力を入れている
and assisting their
career development
4.8
0.4
There are no qualified現在、該当者がいない
personnel at the moment
活用にあたって特に
No specific issues
are being taken into
consideration in心がけている点はない
the use of these workers
80%
No response
無回答
設計・開発業務に技能系正社員を参加さ
Participation of regular technical employees
in designing
and developing activities
せている
[ Chart 3-7 Issues being considered in the use of
Seminars for regular technical employees
non regular technical workers at manufacturing site 技能系正社員に発想力などをテーマとし
to stimulate their imagination
た講習会などを実施
(multiple answers) ]
Others
その他
60%
技能系正社員による改善・提案の奨励
by regular technical employees
26.7
0
Standard
普通
No response
無 回 答
[ Chart 3-6 Initiatives for the purposes of developing capabilities
(multiple answers) ] 0
20
40
60
80
53.8
Knowledge and skills
設備の保全や改善の知識・技能
to maintain and improve equipment
Skills to自動機の段取り替えをする技能
set up changes of automatic machine
25.1
Moreほぼ期待する水準に達している
or less what is expected
The level
is slightly lower than expected
期待する水準に比べてやや低い
Lower
than expected
There are
no qualified personnel
期待する水準に比べて低い
該当者がいない
60 (%)
Knowledge and skills
生産工程を合理化する知識・技能
to rationalize the production process
Programming
of NC machinery and MC
ＮＣ機やＭＣのプログラミング
22.4
45.8
41.2
Higher
than expected
期待する水準に比べて高い
Knowledge and skills組立て・調整の技能
to assemble and adjust
17.7
40%
管理・監督担当者
Managers/supervisors
Highly
skilled workers
高度熟練技能者
[ Chart 3-5 Knowledge and skills expected from skilled workers
(multiple answers) ]
Knowledge and skills to
単独で多工程を処理する技能
process multiple
production stages individually
46.9
28.6
In excess
過剰
Knowledge and skills concerning
22.6
20.0
30.7
適切である
Appropriate
品質管理や検査・試験の知識・技能
quality management, inspection and test
39.2
[ Chart 3-4 Evaluation of the average level of skill of
technical employees ]
やや不足
Slightly
insufficient
高度に卓越した熟練技能
Outstanding high skills
22.5
27.5
45.7
0
36.1
Fairly excellent
やや優れている
Inferior
劣っている
Technically
skilled workers
技術者的技能者
不足
Insufficient
Slightly in excess
やや過剰
No response
無回答
30.1
38.1
0%
13.8
45.5
機械・生産設備
Machinery and production
equipment
マーケティング・販売体制
Marketing/sales structure
80%
20.0
38.3
コストの低さ
Low cost
40.7
Cross-trained多能工
workers
19.6
製品開発の能力
Product development
capability
回
50.2
37.5
No response
当てはまらない
23.7
技能者の質
Quality of skilled
workers
Neither
どちらとも言えない
Disagree
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Short納期の短さ
delivery time
[ Chart 3-3 Current shortage of technical employees ]
(2) Capabilities to be expected from monodzukuri workers and development of human resources
The majority of enterprises feel the number of managers/supervisors, cross-trained workers, technically skilled workers
and highly skilled workers is insufficient. (Chart 3-3)
35.3
Agree
当てはまる Strongly agree ある程度当てはまる
あまり当てはまらない
25.6
24.0
become shorter
Flexibility to meet detailed specific conditions set
発注者の条件に応じる融通性
by the order
22.6
40.3
The life cycle of products has
製品のライフサイクルが短くなっている
0%
製品の品質
Product
quality
42.4
22.1
speeded up
100%
37.9
25.6
diversified
80%
31.1
36.9
The needs of customers have
顧客のニーズが多様化している
Do not really agree
60%
55.4
製品の品質をめぐる競争が激しくなっている
(1) Environmental changes facing monodzukuri industries
40%
[ Chart 3-2 Evaluation in comparison with other enterprises
of the same size in the same industry ]
27.5
3.2
[ Participant in the competition (automotive sheet metal job) ]
Source for Charts 3-1 to 3-7: The Survey on the Human Resource Development and Succession of Skills (2009), The Japan Institute for Labour Policy
3
[ Chart 4-1 Unemployment rate among young people and changes in rates of irregular employment (by age group) ]
(%)
(2) Ongoing monodzukuri education initiatives
Educational programs on monodzukuri are included in the subjects taught at elementary schools, junior and senior high
schools, and schools for special needs education.Vocational experience programs are carried out especially at junior
high school. Education on scientific technologies and mathematics has been strengthened in the school curriculum. For
example, personnel supporting the observation and experiment activities in an elementary school’s science class are
assigned to schools. Curriculum development focused on science and mathmonkaematics is promoted at senior high
schools. (Chart 4-4)
Specialized vocational high schools support unique educational programs developed in coordination with universities
and research institutions and carry out practical programs to develop monodzukuri human resources in cooperation with
local industries.
Colleges of Technology carry out practical and creative programs focused on experiments and practical training in the
five-consecutive-year curriculum. (Chart 4-5)
Specialized training colleges implement practical vocational education programs in cooperation with local industries in
order to develop human resources that could underpin local industries.
The core curricula are being formulated/considered in order to structure educational programs at university and to
ensure the quality as well as the international applicability of these programs. Measures to develop the competency
necessary for technical workers and programs to ensure the quality of these technical workers are also being
considered.
(3) Progress in consideration of career education and vocational education
The Special Committee for Career Education and Vocational Education set up by the Central Council for Education
considered possible forms of career education and vocational education to be implemented at schools in the future. In
the Council’s progress report compiled in July 2009, the following three (3) issues were identified as the basic direction
of reforms: (1) in order to acquire the capabilities necessary for social and vocational independence, from the standpoint
of career education, substantial improvement should be made in education in a systematic manner covering everything
from compulsory education through higher education; (2) organize vocational education in a systematic manner and, at
the same time, increase the applicability of such education; and (3) in order to make it possible to improve vocational
competency and to make a career change at any time, enhance and improve programs to support career development
from the viewpoint of lifelong learning.
(4) Research and development of monodzukuri basic technologies
In order to achieve innovation based on monodzukuri, it is important to carry out research and development of value
creating monodzukuri basic technologies unique to Japan, through research and development of advanced
measurement and analysis technologies/equipment and highly accurate simulation technologies, as well as by
developing and making use of a large scale cutting-edge research and development infrastructure. (Chart 4-6)
40
15-24 y ears of age
Unemployment rate (line graph)
(1) Social changes and the importance of career and vocational education
Difficulties facing young people in making a smooth transition from school to becoming a member of society/taking up
employment have become clear, including high unemployment among young people, an increase in the number of
people in irregular employment, and lack of progress in bringing down the early job-leaving rate. (Chart 4-1)
New graduates will subsequently have fewer opportunities to develop their vocational capabilities once they have taken
up irregular employment and/or if they neither proceed to higher education nor find a job. More than 70% of companies
also acknowledge the challenges they face in terms of human resource development. Support for life-long career
development of adult professionals is an important issue to be addressed.
Lack of awareness of vocational education has been pointed out as a problem across society. In the light of the
circumstances in which today’s children and young people find themselves, it is necessary to raise awareness across
society of vocational education.
It has been pointed out that the level of basic skills of children and young people as professionals has lowered and that
many of them are more likely to postpone the selection and the decision of their eventual style of life and work.
(Chart 4-2)
It is important to encourage the social and vocational independence of young people and, at the same time, to make
use of available resources at individual schools to develop human resources corresponding to trends in both quality and
quantity in monodzukuri areas. (Chart 4-3)
(%)
12
35
25-34 y ears of age
10
35-44 y ears of age
30
15-24 y ears of age
25-34 y ears of age
8
All ages
25
6
20
15
4
10
2
5
0
Rate of irregular employment (bar graph)
Chapter 4: Current state of, and challenges in relation to, the education,
research and development to support the basis of monodzukuri
0
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
07
09
* The rate of irregular employment is the proportion of those employed on a non-full-time basis in non-agricultural workers (excluding executives). People of 15-24 years of age at
school are excluded.
Source: Unemployment rates are taken from the “Labour Force Survey,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau; rates of irregular employment are
taken from the “special survey of the Labour Force Survey” (February survey) and the “Labour Force Survey (survey results)” (January – March survey), Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau
[ Chart 4-2 Reasons for going to university (depending on the time
when consideration was given to future occupation) ]
Want to do study which may be of
some benefit to work in the future
81.2
75.3
Want to do technical research
71.3
75.8
79.7
81.2
[ Chart 4-3 Number of graduates employed by occupation
(fiscal 2008) ]
92.6
94.0
73.5
75.6
Want to get broad knowledge
78.7
77.2
57.7
Want to get educational background at
university
Want to get qualification or
accreditation
51.6
40.7
Am afraid of going out into society at
once
32.0
Want to have free time
26.6
27.9
Recommended by teacher or family
member
While at elementary / junior high school
33.4
76.8
77.3
66.3
71.2
52.8
51.6
41.4
44.6
While at senior high school
After being admitted to university
Specialized
University
大学
(engineering and
Number
of employed
就職者数
53,562
5,610
54,578
Number of workers
生産工程・
involved
in production
労務作業者数
process/labor
work
40,337
24
223
専門的・技術的
professional and
職業従事者数
technical
workers
5,370
5,171
43,457
Proportion of workers
生産工程・
involved in production
労務作業者の割合
process/labor work
75.3%
0.4%
0.4%
Proportion of
専門的技術的
professional
and
職業従事者の割合
technical workers
10.0%
92.2%
79.6%
Number of
51.6
52.6
36.6
Everyone goes to university
73.5
72.6
55.3
50.5
36.4
66.0
High
school
高等学校
高等専門学校
(technical subjects)
vocational
high school
（工業に関する学科）
（工学関連学部）
related
departments)
(%)
Have not yet considered
Source: ”2005 survey sponsored by the Ministry of Trade, Economy and Industry –
Survey of University Students Looking Back at Their Post-High School
Graduation Plans,” Benesse Educational Research and Development Center
Source: “School Basic Survey”, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology
[ Chart 4-5 Specialized vocational high school robot contest
(“Robo Con”) ]
[ Chart 4-4 Example of monodzukuri practice
as part of the subject “Industrial Arts and Home Making” ]
[ Robots at contest ]
[ Junior high school student seriously
engaged in precision woodworking ]
[ Chart 4-6 Development of a single particle analyzer ]
[ Chart 4-7 Regions where the intelligent cluster creation project
was implemented in fiscal 2009 ]
The intelligent cluster creation project
Central region of Hokkaido
with Sapporo and its vicinities being at the centre
[Life Sciences, Information and Telecommunications]
Second term
Global base creation oriented
Hakodate region
[Life Sciences]
Whole regions in Nagano prefecture
[Nanotech materials]
(5) Promotion of research and development based on collaboration between government, industry and
academia
Measures are being undertaken to ensure that the results of research at universities are made use of in society in
practical ways, through support for industry-academia joint research programs and increased cooperation between
government, industry and academia at university.
The creation of “Knowledge Clusters” with universities and other public research institutions at the centre is being
promoted in order to ensure that research and development activities correspond to the needs of companies and to
achieve advancement of local industries and development of new products. (Chart 4-7)
Yamaguchi region
Toyama / Ishikawa region
[Life Sciences]
[Nanotech materials, environment]
Wide area in Sendai region
[Life Sciences, Information and
Telecommunications]
Wide areas in
Kansai region
Fukuoka / Kitakyushu / Iizuka
region
[Life sciences]
Hamamatsu region in Shizuoka prefecture
[Telecommunications]
[Life Sciences, Information and Telecommunications,
nanotech materials]
Wide areas in Tokai region
[Nanotech materials,
environment]
Kurume region
[Life sciences]
Tokushima region
[Life sciences]
Kyoto and Keihanna Gakken region
[Nanotech materials, environment]
[ Single particle analyzer ]
Source: Survey by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
4