* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 21 - mrsmcclary
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Cavalry in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Sailor's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Fort Fisher wikipedia , lookup
Galvanized Yankees wikipedia , lookup
Battle of White Oak Road wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fredericksburg wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
East Tennessee bridge burnings wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Harpers Ferry wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Appomattox Station wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Second Battle of Corinth wikipedia , lookup
Red River Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Malvern Hill wikipedia , lookup
Anaconda Plan wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Shiloh wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Western Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Antietam wikipedia , lookup
Northern Virginia Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Cedar Creek wikipedia , lookup
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Maryland Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War Bull Run (Manassas) • Lincoln thought an attack on the small confederate force at Bull Run could demonstrate the power of the Union army and even capture Richmond. • On July 21, 1861 Union troops marched toward Bull Run followed by Congressmen and spectators who brought along their lunch baskets. • The Union did well at first but Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and his troops stood strong and Confederate reinforcements arrived. • The inexperienced Union troops panicked and fled in confusion. Instead of pursuing the Union, the exhausted Confederate troops feasted on captured lunches. • The victory inflated the already over-confident Confederacy and gave them a false sense of security. Many soldiers left because they thought the war was won. • The Union realized the war would not be a short or easy one to win. The Army of the Potomac Marching up Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., 1861 In this painting Union troops parade before the Battle of Bull Run. Colorfully uniformed, they are a regiment of Zouaves, who adopted the name and style of military dress from a legendarily dashing French infantry unit recruited from Berber tribesmen in North Africa. But bright uniforms were not enough to win battles, and these troops were soon to be routed by the Confederates. Preparing for Battle These troops of the 69th New York State Militia, a largely Irish regiment, were photographed attending Sunday morning Mass in May 1861, just weeks before the Battle of Bull Run. Because the regiment was camped near Washington, D.C., women were able to visit. Peninsula Campaign • George McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac in late 1861. He was a perfectionist, relied on inaccurate intelligence, and was slow to advance toward Richmond. • After receiving firm orders for Lincoln to advance, McClellan set out in the Peninsula Campaign to seize Richmond. • By Spring of 1862, he was just outside Richmond with 100,000 troops. • Lincoln sent McClellan’s reinforcements to chase Stonewall Jackson and the advance was stalled. • Robert E. Lee attacked McClellan’s army during the Seven Days Battle and pushed them back to the sea. • Lincoln dismissed McClellan. • If the North had been victorious, the Union would have probably been restored with little to no changes to slavery. • Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation and Union strategy shifted towards total war. Peninsula Campaign, 1862 Civil War Scene (detail) A Federal brigade repulses a Confederate assault at Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1862, as the Peninsula Campaign presses toward Richmond. General Winfield Scott Hancock commanded the troops. For his success in this action, Hancock earned the nickname “The Superb.” Main Thrusts, 1861–1865 Northern strategists at first believed that the rebellion could be snuffed out quickly by a swift, crushing blow. But the stiffness of Southern resistance to the Union’s early probes, and the North’s inability to strike with sufficient speed and severity, revealed that the conflict would be a war of attrition, long and bloody. War at Sea • The Union blockade became more effective when it focused on the most important ports. • Blockade running became profitable and many made it through the Union lines. • The most significant Confederate threat to the Union blockade was the construction of an iron clad ship. This ship the Merrimack (renamed the Virginia) was an old U.S. warship that had been covered in old iron railroad rails. It destroyed two wooden ships of the Union. • The North built its own ironclad ship, the Monitor. • For 4 hours on March 9, 1862 the Merrimack and the Monitor fought each other to a standstill. • Several months later, the South sank the Merrimack to keep it from falling into Union hands. • This was the beginning of the end of wooden warships. Battle of the Merrimack and the Monitor, March 9, 1862 Antietam • After a victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee pushed into Maryland. He was hoping to encourage foreign intervention and convince the valuable Border state to secede. • Lincoln restored McClellan to command of the army due to popular pressure. • Two Union soldiers found Lee’s battle plans wrapped around three cigars that a careless Confederate soldier had stopped. This gave McClellan the information he needed to stop Lee’s advance. He did so at Antietam Creek in the bloodiest single day battle of the war. • The battle happened on September 17, 1862 and was essentially a draw however, Lee was forced to withdraw back behind the Potomac River. • McClellan should have pursued Lee but he did not and was again fired by Lincoln. • Antietam is probably the most important battle of the war because the South would never be so close to victory again. The British and French cooled off their support of the South when the North showed their strength. • It was viewed as a Northern victory due to the fact that the South had to withdraw out of Maryland. • It set the stage that Lincoln needed for his Emancipation Proclamation. The Killing Fields of Antietam These Confederate corpses testify to the awful slaughter of the battle. The twelve-hour fight at Antietam Creek ranks as the bloodiest single day of the war, with more than ten thousand Confederate casualties and even more on the Union side. “At last the battle ended,” one historian wrote, “smoke heavy in the air, the twilight quivering with the anguished cries of thousands of wounded men.” Emancipation Proclamation • By the summer of 1862, Lincoln felt confident in the position of the Border states and was ready to act on the issue of slavery. • Lincoln wanted the announcement to follow a victory and so he waited to see the result of Lee’s advance into Maryland. • On September 23, 1862 he issued the initial proclamation. The final proclamation would be issued on January 1, 1863. • The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves living in the rebellious Confederate states. • This gave the war a moral undertone. It also sought to punish and change the South that had tried to destroy the nation. • Lincoln stated that now the South had to be destroyed and replaced by new ideas. • Boosted morale in the North and made both sides realize a compromise could never be reached. • The war would be a fight to the finish. Emancipation in the South President Lincoln believed that emancipation of the slaves, accompanied by compensation to their owners, would be fairest to the South. He formally proposed such an amendment to the Constitution in December 1862. What finally emerged was the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865, which freed all slaves without compensation. A Bit of War History: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865– 1866 This painting dramatically commemorates the contributions and sacrifices of the 180,000 African Americans who served in the Union army during the Civil War. A Bit of War History: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865– 1866 This painting dramatically commemorates the contributions and sacrifices of the 180,000 African Americans who served in the Union army during the Civil War. A Bit of War History: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865– 1866 This painting dramatically commemorates the contributions and sacrifices of the 180,000 African Americans who served in the Union army during the Civil War. Gettysburg • Lee wanted to follow up victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville with another invasion of the North in 1863. • Chancellorsville is was Lee’s most brilliant battle but at a high cost. Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own men and died a few days later. • Lee wanted to invade Pennsylvania in hopes to encourage a peace treaty and attract foreign intervention. • General George Meade was given control of the Union army only three days prior to the battle. • The battle raged on from July 1-3, 1863. The Union had a force of 92,000 and the Confederate had a force of 76,000. • The battle was a seesaw up until the very end. • The failed “Pickett’s Charge” broke the back of the Confederate attack and the victory went to the Union. • A Confederate peace delegation was moving toward Washington D.C. but were forced to stop by Lincoln after the North’s victory. The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 With the failure of Pickett’s charge, the fate of the Confederacy was sealed—though the Civil War dragged on for almost two more bloody years. War in the West • Grant has seen success at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee. • The Confederate victory at Shiloh slowed down Grant’s march toward the Mississippi River. • In the spring of 1862, Union troops seized New Orleans. Now Vicksburg, MS was the last Confederate hold out on the Mississippi River. • Grant was given command of the troops moving toward Vicksburg. • Grant lay siege to Vicksburg until the city was starved out and surrendered on July 4, 1863, just one day after the Union victory at Gettysburg. • The South has suffered major losses in both the east and west fronts. • Shifted the momentum to the Union. General Ulysses S. Grant Trained at West Point, Grant proved to be a better general than a president. Oddly, he hated the sight of blood and recoiled from rare beef. General Robert E. Lee Lee, a gentlemanly general in an ungentlemanly business, remarked when the Union troops were bloodily repulsed at Fredericksburg, “It is well that war is so terrible, or we should get too fond of it.” The Mississippi River and Tennessee, 1862–1863 Sherman’s March • Grant had won battles at Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge which left him in control of Chattanooga, TN and it’s valuable railroads. • He was rewarded with supreme command of the Union armies. • General William Tecumseh Sherman replaced Grant and moved into Georgia. • He captured Atlanta in Sept 1864 and burned it when he left in November. • His army had 60,000 men and left a path of destruction as they marched through Georgia towards Savannah. • They destroyed railroads and anything else that could be of use to the South. • Waged “total war”. Wanted to lower the morale of the rebel troops by destroying their homes. • Captured Savannah as a Christmas present for Lincoln in December of 1864. Sherman’s March, 1864–1865 Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1863–1864 Sherman’s army inflicted cruel destruction along its route, an early instance of a tactic that came to characterize modern warfare, in which civilians are considered legitimate targets. A Study in Black and White Soldiers of the 7th Tennessee Cavalry pose with their slaves—whose bondage the Confederacy fought to perpetuate. Union Party, 1864 The blue area represents the Union party. McClellan as Mediator, 1865 This 1864 poster shows Presidents Lincoln and Davis trying to tear the country in half, while former general George McClellan, the candidate of the Democratic party, attempts to mediate. Presidential Election of 1864 (showing popular vote by county) Lincoln also carried California, Oregon, and Nevada, but there was a considerable McClellan vote in each. Note McClellan’s strength in the Border States and in the southern tier of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois—the so-called “Butternut” region. Wilderness Campaign • Grant pursued Lee in the Wilderness area of Virginia during May and June of 1864. • During this campaign, Grant suffered 50,000 casualties and Lee even more. • The public was horrified by the brutality of the fighting. On June 3, 1864 over 7,000 men were killed or wounded in only the first few minutes of the war. • The soldier wore paper pinned to their backs with their names and addresses. • The public criticized Grant for the “blood and guts” style fighting but Lee actually had the highest rate of loss of any general in the war. • Lee dug in trenches in the wilderness and drug the battle out until spring of 1865. Grant’s Virginia Campaign, 1864–1865 The Wilderness Campaign pitted soldier against desperate soldier in some of the most brutal and terrifying fighting of the Civil War. “No one could see the fight fifty feet from him,” a Union private recalled of his month spent fighting in Virginia. “The lines were very near each other, and from the dense underbrush and the tops of trees came puffs of smoke, the ‘ping’ of the bullets and the yell of the enemy. It was a blind and bloody hunt to the death, in bewildering thickets, rather than a battle.” Surrender at Appomattox • The end came suddenly when the Union army captured Richmond and cornered Lee in April 1865. • Lee and Grant met at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The South surrendered and were treated with much respect by Grant and his troops. • Southerners were allowed to keep their horses and the officers kept their weapons. • Grant told his troops “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.” • Lincoln traveled to Richmond and sat in Jefferson Davis’ desk just 40 hours after it was captured. • Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. at the height of his fame and victory. • 600,000 died during the war and the cost totaled $15 billion. The Burning of Richmond, April 1865 The proud Confederate capital, after holding out against repeated Union assaults, was evacuated and burned in the final days of the war. New York Mourns Lincoln’s Death, April 25, 1865 Lincoln’s body traveled by train to lie in state in fourteen cities before arriving at his final resting place of Springfield, Illinois. In New York City, 160,000 mourners accompanied the hearse as the funeral procession slowly made its way down Broadway. Scalpers sold choice window seats for four dollars and up. Blacks were barred from participating, until the mayor changed his mind at the last minute—but only if they marched at the rear. Prisoners from the Front, by Winslow Homer, 1866 This celebrated painting reflects the artist’s firsthand observations of the war. Homer brilliantly captured the enduring depths of sectional animosity. The Union officer somewhat disdainfully asserts his command of the situation; the beaten and disarmed Confederates exhibit an out-at-the-elbows pride and defiance. Nora August: The Fruits of Emancipation An unidentified Union soldier carved this ivory bust of the freedwoman Nora August during the Civil War. Note the elaborately braided hair—a direct adaptation of a West African style. The anonymous sculptor etched the following legend into the base of the statue: “Carved from life. Retreat Plantation. Presented to the Nurses of Darien GA in the year of Our Lord 1865. Nora August (slave). Age 23 years. Purchased from the Market, St. Augustine, Florida, April 17th 1860. Now a Free Woman.”