Download THE MIDDLE AGES FROM 750 TO 1400 Feudalism and the

Contents
THE MIDDLE AGES FROM 750 TO 1400
Feudalism and the Commercial Revolution
History of Politics and Economy: Book II
CONTENTS
List of Tables, Figures, Photos and List of Maps
To the Readers
Introduction to Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
Chapter I. Politics and Religion
xiii-xiv
xv-xvi
1
5
1. The Early Middle Ages from 750 to 1000
2. The High Middle Ages from 1000 to 1300
The Catholic Church: Reform and Growth;
The Seljuk Turks and the Crusades;
The Emergence and Growth of the European Kingdoms
3. The Late Middle Ages from 1300 to 1400
Chapter II. Economy and Society
143
1. Population and Agriculture in the Middle Ages
2. Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe
3. Industry and Technology in the Middle Ages
4. Trade and Money and Banking in the Middle Ages
5. Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages
Chapter III. Political Philosophy
351
1. Beginning of Medieval Political Philosophy
2. Formation of Christian Political Philosophy 750-1150
3. Medieval Political Philosophy in Islam and Judaism
4. Christian Political Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century
5. Christian Political Philosophy in the Fourteenth Century
6. Medieval Political Ideas by Principles
Chapter IV. Economic Thought and Other Intellectual Developments
1. Private Property Rights and Wealth
2. Money, Trade, Just Price and Just Wage
3. The Idea of Usury and Interest Rates; 4. Medieval Economic Thought in Islam
5. The Rise of European Universities in the Middle Ages
6. Medieval Science and Literature: The Dawn of the Humanism
523
Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion
633
Index of Persons and Places and Index of Subjects
701
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
vii
Contents
Chapter I. Politics and Religion in the Middle Ages
1.
The Early Middle Ages from 750 to 1000
9
The Rise of Carolingians; Pepin III and Charlemagne;
The Collapse of the Carolingian Empire;
Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims;
The Carolingian Church and Kingship;
Italy, Spain, and British Isles; The Byzantine World;
Slavonic States and the Bulgars;
Islam and the Abbasid Dynasty;
Islam in the West; Christianity in Conflict (750-1000)
2.
The High Middle Middle Ages from 1000 to 1300
47
2-1. The Catholic Church: Reform and Growth
49
Reform of the Catholic Church;
The Roman Catholic Church (1095-1300);
The Religious Orders (1095-1300);
Anti-orders and Intolerance
2-2. The Seljuk Turks and the Crusades
65
The Seljuk Turks; Causes of the Crusades and Mobilization;
The First Crusade (1095-9);
The Second Crusade (1145-9);
The Third Crusade (1189-92);
The Fourth Crusade (1202-4);
The Collapse of the Crusades and their Results
2-3. The Emergence and Growth of the European Kingdoms
83
British Isles; France; Spain;
Italy; Germany; Byzantium;
Russia and the Mongols;
The Balkans and the Border States
3.
The Late Middle Ages from 1300 to 1400
105
The Black Death and Its Impact;
The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453;
Crisis in Towns, Peasant Uprisings, and Urban Rebellions;
Political Instability and the Ottomans;
The Decline of the Medieval Church
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
viii
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
131
Contents
Chapter II. Economy and Society in the Middle Ages
1.
Population and Agriculture in the Middle Ages
Population in Europe (500-1500);
The Evolution of Agricultural Technique;
Agricultural Conditions of Medieval Europe;
The Demand Structure (1000-1500)
145
2.
Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe
Manorialism; Feudalism; The Community of Medieval Villages;
Medieval Urban Communities
173
3.
Industry and Technology in the Middle Ages
Medieval Industry and Its Trends; The Woolen Industry;
Medieval Mining and Metallurgy; Building in Stone
193
4.
Trade and Money and Banking in the Middle Ages
4-0. Trade and Industry under the Later Roman Empire in the West
4-1. Byzantine Trade and Industry
Restructuring, Recovery and Controlled Expansion;
The Age of Accelerated Growth; The Decline of Trade Industry
4-2. The Trade of Medieval Europe, the North
The Trade in General; The Age of Trade Expansion;
The Age of Trade Contraction
4-3. The Trade of Medieval Europe, the South
The First Five Hundred Years; The Age of Commercial Revolution;
The Waning of the Middle Ages
4-4. Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe
Early Islamic Trade; The Primacy of Egypt; Muslim Trade in the Far East;
Trade of Turkey, Iraq and Iran; Muslim Trade in Africa in the Middle Ages
4-5. The Trade in Medieval Eastern Europe
Long-distance Trade in Central and Eastern Europe; Bohemia and Silesia;
Trade in Great Poland, Pomerania, Prussia and Mazovia; Trade in Russia
4-6. Coinage and Currency and Emergence of Merchant Banks
The Silver Penny or the Denier; The Commercial Revolution and Currency;
Money of Account, Silver Famine, and Copper Coinage; Merchant Banking
215
218
223
5.
Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages
Organization of Trade and Markets and Fairs;
The Economic Policies of Towns;
The Guilds and their Influence on Economy;
The Economic Policies of Governments;
France and England, The Low Countries,
The Baltic Countries, The Italian and Iberian Peninsulas
Public Finance and Credit: Northwestern Europe
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
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253
267
279
293
307
333
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Contents
Chapter III. Political Philosophy in the Middle Ages
1.
Beginning of Medieval Political Thought
355
Foundation of Medieval Political Thought;
Byzantine Political Thought;
Latin Fathers – Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory, Pseudo-Dionysius
The Barbarian Kingships and the Papacy
2.
Formation of Christian Political Thought and Philosophy, 750-1150
373
Monarchical Government, Law, and Society; Carolingian Political Ideas;
European Intellectual Culture in the Ninth Century; John Scotus Eriugena;
The Problem of Universals; St. Anselm of Canterbury; The Twelfth Century
3.
4.
5.
Medieval Political Philosophy in Islam and Judaism
403
3-1. Islam: Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi; Abu Nasr al-Farabi; Avicenna;
Al-Ghazzali; Avempace or Ibn Bajjah; Averroes or Ibn Rushd
3-2. Judaism: Saadya ben Joseph; Isaac Israeli; Judah Halevi;
Moses Maimonides; Kabbalah; Levi ben Gerson or Gersonides
405
Christian Political Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century
413
4-1. William of Auvergne, Robert Grosseteste and Alexander of Hales;
St. Bonaventure; St. Albert the Great
4-2. St. Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy and Theology; Principles of Created Being;
Proofs of God’s Existence; The Nature of God; Creation; Psychology;
Epistemology; Moral Theory; Political Philosophy
4-3. Latin Averroism; Franciscan Roger Bacon; Giles of Rome and
Henry of Ghent, John of Paris; John Duns Scotus
415
Christian Political Philosophy in the Fourteenth Century
461
409
426
446
William of Ockham; Ockham’s Political Philosophy
The Ockhamist Movement;
Marsilius of Paduia; Speculative Mysticism
6.
Medieval Political Ideas by Issues and Principles
489
The Idea of Law; Property and Lordship;
The Origin and Purpose of Political Authority;
The Individual and the Community;
The Structure of Government in the State;
The Structure of Authority in the Church; The State and the Church
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
x
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
507
Contents
Chapter IV. Economic Thought and Other Intellectual Developments
1.
Private Property Rights and Wealth
529
Private Property and Communal Rights
Property and Solutions
Attitude to Poverty and Wealth
2.
Money, Trade, Just Price and Just Wage
539
Thought of Money
Weight-Measure-Coinage
The Mercantile System
Just Price and Just Wage
3.
The Idea of Usury and Interest Rates
549
The Nature of Usury
The Theory of Interest
4.
Medieval Economic Thought in Islam
559
Islamic Prohibitions, Ethics and Norms
Economic Thought of Ibn Al-Ghazali
Economic Thought of Ayatullah Taleghani
5.
The Rise of European Universities in the Middle Ages
569
The Transmission of Knowledge
Rising Patterns of Universities
Authorities, Management, and Teachers
Students and Career of Graduates
Four Faculties of Learning
6.
Medieval Science and Literature: The Dawn of Humanism
587
Medieval Science and Technology
The Revival of Medieval Medicine
Natural Philosophers
Latin Revival in History and Literature
The Dawn of Humanism:
Dante Alighieri; Francisco Petrarca or Petrarch
Giovanni Boccaccio; and Geoffrey Chaucer
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
621
xi
Contents
Chapter V. Summary and Interdisciplinary Conclusion
1.
A Study of History, Books VII to XII: Arnold J. Toynbee
635
Book VI. Universal States 635
Book VII. Universal Churches 641
Book VIII. Heroic Ages 647
Book IX. Contacts between Civilizations in Space 651
Book X. Contacts between Civilizations in Time 662
Book XI. Laws and Freedom in History 669
Book XII. The Prospects of the Western Civilization 675
2.
Summary
683
Politics and Religion
Economy and Society
Political Philosophy
Economic Thought
The Decay of the Middle Ages
3.
Conclusion
693
Legacy of the Middle Ages
Interactions between Politics and Economy
Relations between Theory and Practice
Endnotes and References
Photo 0-0-0. Castles of the Middle Ages
Source: https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT1Ts7ZLhng5EGuyBQHyX8NXR2_Qey2NrxkT1F2-PvXV_48XEOhw
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Contents
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND PHOTOS
Photo I-0-0. Castles of the Middle Ages
Photo I-0-1. Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, 1077
Photo I-0-2. Great Battles in the Middle Ages
Photo I-0-3. The Church in the Early Middle Ages
Photo I-1-1. Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800
Photo I-2-1. The Crusades
Photo I-2-2. Expulsion of the Albigensians from Carcassone in 1209
Photo I-3-1. The Flagellant Movement
Photo I-3-2. The Hundred Years’ War (1136-1453); Photo II-0-1. Middle Ages Manor
Figure II-0-1. The Aristocracy and Middling Groups of Britain in the Middle Ages
Figure II-1-1. The Manorial System in the Middle Ages
Photo II-1-1. Medieval Ploughing in the Fourteenth Century
Table II-1-1. Population Estimates in Million at Specified Times, A.D. 500-1500
Figure II-2-1. Feudalism and Government
Photo II-3-1. Mons Meg, a Medieval Bombard, at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland
Photo II-3-2. Watermill of Braine-le-Chateau, Belgium, 12th Century
Figure II-3-1. A Furnace with Bellows, 16th Century
Photo II-4-1. Medieval Trade Fairs
Photo II-4-2. Exchange of Trade by Land Routes in the Middle Ages
Photo II-4-3. Researchers Trace Origin of Global Fish Trade in Medieval London
Photo II-4-4. Spice Trade from Cochin, India in the Middle Ages
Photo II-4-5. The North-Eastern Frontiers – Medieval Europe
Photo II-4-6. Retail Banking Medieval Style
Photo II-5-1. Medieval Wine Merchants, Champagne Fairs
Photo II-5-2. Medieval Ship Koga 1350; Photo II-5-3. View of Genoa on a painting from 1482
Photo III-0-1. Synthesis of the Aristotelian Philosophy and Christian Theology
Photo III-0-2. Philosophy Seated between the Seven Liberal Arts
Photo III-1-1. King Clovis A.D. 496, The First Christian Babarian King
Photo III-2-1. Medieval Studies; Photo III-2-2. Charlemagne: Coronation by Leo III, 800
Photo III-2-3. Charlemagne and the Scholars
Photo III-2-4. Reconstruction of Charlemagne’s School at Aachen
Photo III-3-1. Medieval Jewish Philosophy
Photo III-3-2. Islamic Art and Culture: the Venetian Perspective
Photo III-4-1. Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas
Photo III-4-2. Christian Thinkers in Science
Photo III-5-1. The Philosophical Ideas of William of Ockham
Photo III-5-2. Hulme Frederick William at Ockham Surrey in Summer
Photo III-6-1: Harun al-Rashid receiving a delegation of Charlemagne in Baghdad
Photo III-6-2. Three Philosophers: Islamic, Jewish, and Christian
Photo IV-0-1. Medieval University Classroom
Photo IV-0-2. Economy in England in the Middle Ages
Photo IV-1-1. The Landscape around Leeds Castle in England since the 13th Century
Photo IV-2-1. Medieval Coin; Photo IV-2-2. Just Price in the Middle Ages
Photo IV-3-1. Tolerance of Usury; Photo IV-3-2. Modern Usury & the Failure of Christian Ethics
Photo IV-4-1. Measuring the Medieval Islamic Economy
Photo IV-4-2. Turkomen on the Silk Road with Camels
Photo IV-6-1. The Mythical Conflict between Science and Religion
Photo IV-6-2. Dante’s Divine Comedy in the Late Middle Ages
Photo IV-6-3. A Tale from the Decameron; Photo IV-6-4. Canterbury Pilgrims
Photo V-0-1. Medieval Commercial Revolution; Photo V-2-1. The Decay of the Middle Ages
Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400
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Contents
LIST OF MAPS
Map I-1-1. Europe at the Death of Charlemagne, 814
Map I-1-2. The Merovingian Dynasty: Francis Expanded from Austrasia
Map I-1-3. Invasions of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims, 9th-10th Centuries
Map I-1-4. Political Map of Italy in 1000
Map I-1-5. Spain in 930
Map I-1-6. The British Isles about 802
Map I-1-7. The Byzantium Empire in 867
Map I-1-8. Slavic Tribes from 7th to 9th Centuries in Europe
Map I-1-9. The Early Middle Balkans in 900
Map I-1-10. The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-1258
Map I-2-1. High Middle Ages Europe and Mediterranean Region, 1190
Map I-2-2. Medieval Jewish Migration
Map I-2-3. Seljuk Sultanate, 1040-1120
Map I-2-4. The Crusades, 1096-1204
Map I-2-5. Route of the First Crusade through Asia
Map I-2-6. The Crusader States after the First Crusade, 1135
Map I-2-7. The Mediterranean World after the Second Crusade in 1173
Map I-2-8. The Partition of the Byzantine Empire into the Latin Empire after 1204
Map I-2-9. England and France in the Twelfth Century
Map I-2-10. Iberian Peninsula: Christian Reconquest, 1210
Map I-2-11. The Holy Roman Empire, 1250
Map I-2-12. Eastern Europe in 1168
Map I-2-13. The Mongol Empire before 1259
Map I-2-14. Mongols and Turks Threaten the Byzantine Empire, 1300
Map I-3-1. The Hundred Years War (1136-1453)
Map I-3-2. Origin of Plague in Eleventh Century Asia
Map I-3-3. The Black Death, Europe 1347-51
Map I-3-4. Italian City States in 1300s
Map I-3-5. Great Schism: Latin West and Greek East, 1054
Map I-3-6. The Western Schism (1378-1147)
Map II-0-1. Trade Routes in the High Middle Ages
Map II-4-1. Main Medieval Trade Routes
Map II-4-2. The Byzantine Empire under Manuel Comnenus, 1180
Map II-4-3. The Trade Routes of the Byzantine Empire, 1028
Map II-4-4. Main Mediterranean and Black Sea Routes in Medieval Times
Map II-4-5. Medieval Silk Road
Map II-4-6. Medieval Sea-Trading Routes from China to the East Coast of Africa
Map II-4-7. Sri Vijaya, 650-1377
Map II-4-8. The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade, 7th -14th Century (Left)
Map II-4-9. The Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Right)
Map II-4-10. Europe in around 1360
Map II-4-11. The Varangian Trade Routes, 9-11th Century
Map II-4-12. Poland, Lithuania, Pomerania, and Prussia, 1377-1434
Map II-4-13. Golden Horde, 1237-1502
Map II-5-1. European Trade in the Fifteenth Century
Map III-1-1. Early Middle Ages (500-1000): Barbarian groups spread throughout the west
Map IV-0-1. Medieval Trade Routes: Arabia a Crossroads
Map IV-1-1. A Medieval Manor
Map IV-5-1. Medieval Universities, Europe
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Book II. The Middle Ages from 750 to 1400