Download Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis

Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406
Learning Objectives
Chapter 12
1. List the phases of the cell cycle; describe the sequence of events during each phase
2. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase
3. Draw or describe the mitotic spindle, including centrosomes, kinetochore
microtubules, nonkinetochore microtubules, and asters
4. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle
controls
5. Distinguish between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors
Chapter 13
1. Distinguish between the following terms: somatic cell and gamete; autosome and
sex chromosomes; haploid and diploid
2. Describe the events that characterize each phase of meiosis
3. Describe three events that occur during meiosis I but not mitosis
4. Name and explain the three events that contribute to genetic variation in sexually
reproducing organisms
Ask Yourself
Chapter 12
1. At what part of the cell cycle would you see a chromosome that looks like this?
Give your reasons.
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Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406
2. A kinetochore is a structure composed of several proteins that associate with the
centromere region of a chromosome and that can bind to spindle microtubules.
Why would such a structure be necessary during cell division (both in mitosis and
meiosis).
3. Draw what the cells look like and how chromosomes segregate during cell division
during mitosis and, separately during meiosis I and II. Use the chart below to
compare and contrast how cell division differs between mitosis and meiosis.
4. If you were to examine an adult somatic cell and an adult gamete, what would be the
difference in chromosome number, allele number, and type of cell division possible?
5. One common occurrence in cancer is uncontrolled cell division. During the stages of
inter-phase in cell cycle, several check-points serve to determine whether cell
division may occur. Describe and define what these check-points are and how they
affect cell division.
6. The cell has several signal which control cell cycle. These include molecules which
act as kinases, molecules that activate kinases, molecules that degrade activators,
molecules that regulate signals from outside the cell. Maturation promoting factor
is a multi-protein compound that helps to control cell cycle. Which phase of cell
cycle is it present in, when does it undergo activation, degradation and what kinases
and check-points are present? (hint: cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases are important
proteins used in these processes).
Chapter 13
1. Why is it more practical to prepare karyotypes by viewing somatic diploid cells
rather than haploid gametes?
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Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406
2. Diploid cells may undergo either mitosis or meiosis. Can haploid cells? Why or why
not?
3. How and at what stage do chromosomes undergo independent assortment?
4. What allows sister chromatids to separate in which phase of meiosis?
5. What are three ways in which gametes from one individual diploid cell can be
different from one another?
Key Terms (as an exercise fill these in yourself or make flash-cards)
anaphase
cell cycle
cell cycle control system
cell division
centromere
centrosome
checkpoint
chromatin
chromosome
cleavage furrow
cyclin
cyclin-dependent kinase
(Cdk)
cytokinesis
Down syndrome
interphase
kinetochore
metaphase
metaphase plate
metastasis
mitosis
meiosis
mitotic (M) phase
mitotic spindle
prometaphase
prophase
S phase
sister chromatids
somatic cell
telophase
transformation
allele
alternation of
generations
asexual reproduction
autosome
chiasma
clone
crossing over
diploid cell
gene
genetics
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haploid cell
heredity
homologous
chromosomes
karyotype
life cycle
locus
meiosis
meiosis I
meiosis II
recombinant
chromosome
sex chromosome
sexual reproduction
somatic cell
synapsis
variation
zygote
Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406
Word Roots
The word roots listed below are for your reference in learning the vocabulary
necessary to understand these chapters. You will be tested on concepts which use the
words from the chapter.
ana- = up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each
chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)
bi- = two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)
centro- = the center; -mere = a part (centromere: the narrow "waist" of a condensed
chromosome)
chroma- = colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic
chromosomes)
cyclo- = a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)
cyto- = cell; -kinet = move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)
gamet- = a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)
gen- = produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)
inter- = between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)
mal- = bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair
functions of one or more organs)
meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell)
meta- = between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the
middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)
mito- = a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)
pro- = before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)
soma- = body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle
to organize the cell's microtubules); body (somatic: body cells with 46 chromosomes in humans)
telos- = an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and
cytokinesis has typically begun)
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Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406
trans- = across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a
cancer cell)
a- = not or without (asexual: type of reproduction not involving fertilization)
-apsis = juncture (synapsis: the pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase
I of meiosis)
auto- = self (autosome: the chromosomes that do not determine gender)
chiasm- = marked crosswise (chiasma: the X-shaped microscopically visible region representing
homologous chromosomes that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during
meiosis)
di- = two (diploid: cells that contain two homologous sets of chromosomes)
fertil- = fruitful (fertilization: process of fusion of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg cell)
haplo- = single (haploid: cells that contain only one chromosome of each homologous pair)
homo- = like (homologous: like chromosomes that form a pair)
karyo- = nucleus (karyotype: a display of the chromosomes of a cell)
meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many
chromosomes as the parent cell)
**Some of the information in this study guide was supplied by Pearson from the Textbook
Biology, 8th edition Campbell and Reece. The instructor has modified materials and added
materials as she saw fit to enhance student learning.
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