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Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406 Learning Objectives Chapter 12 1. List the phases of the cell cycle; describe the sequence of events during each phase 2. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase 3. Draw or describe the mitotic spindle, including centrosomes, kinetochore microtubules, nonkinetochore microtubules, and asters 4. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls 5. Distinguish between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors Chapter 13 1. Distinguish between the following terms: somatic cell and gamete; autosome and sex chromosomes; haploid and diploid 2. Describe the events that characterize each phase of meiosis 3. Describe three events that occur during meiosis I but not mitosis 4. Name and explain the three events that contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms Ask Yourself Chapter 12 1. At what part of the cell cycle would you see a chromosome that looks like this? Give your reasons. 1 Dr. Jennifer Davis Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406 2. A kinetochore is a structure composed of several proteins that associate with the centromere region of a chromosome and that can bind to spindle microtubules. Why would such a structure be necessary during cell division (both in mitosis and meiosis). 3. Draw what the cells look like and how chromosomes segregate during cell division during mitosis and, separately during meiosis I and II. Use the chart below to compare and contrast how cell division differs between mitosis and meiosis. 4. If you were to examine an adult somatic cell and an adult gamete, what would be the difference in chromosome number, allele number, and type of cell division possible? 5. One common occurrence in cancer is uncontrolled cell division. During the stages of inter-phase in cell cycle, several check-points serve to determine whether cell division may occur. Describe and define what these check-points are and how they affect cell division. 6. The cell has several signal which control cell cycle. These include molecules which act as kinases, molecules that activate kinases, molecules that degrade activators, molecules that regulate signals from outside the cell. Maturation promoting factor is a multi-protein compound that helps to control cell cycle. Which phase of cell cycle is it present in, when does it undergo activation, degradation and what kinases and check-points are present? (hint: cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases are important proteins used in these processes). Chapter 13 1. Why is it more practical to prepare karyotypes by viewing somatic diploid cells rather than haploid gametes? 2 Dr. Jennifer Davis Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406 2. Diploid cells may undergo either mitosis or meiosis. Can haploid cells? Why or why not? 3. How and at what stage do chromosomes undergo independent assortment? 4. What allows sister chromatids to separate in which phase of meiosis? 5. What are three ways in which gametes from one individual diploid cell can be different from one another? Key Terms (as an exercise fill these in yourself or make flash-cards) anaphase cell cycle cell cycle control system cell division centromere centrosome checkpoint chromatin chromosome cleavage furrow cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) cytokinesis Down syndrome interphase kinetochore metaphase metaphase plate metastasis mitosis meiosis mitotic (M) phase mitotic spindle prometaphase prophase S phase sister chromatids somatic cell telophase transformation allele alternation of generations asexual reproduction autosome chiasma clone crossing over diploid cell gene genetics 3 Dr. Jennifer Davis haploid cell heredity homologous chromosomes karyotype life cycle locus meiosis meiosis I meiosis II recombinant chromosome sex chromosome sexual reproduction somatic cell synapsis variation zygote Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406 Word Roots The word roots listed below are for your reference in learning the vocabulary necessary to understand these chapters. You will be tested on concepts which use the words from the chapter. ana- = up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell) bi- = two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half) centro- = the center; -mere = a part (centromere: the narrow "waist" of a condensed chromosome) chroma- = colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes) cyclo- = a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically) cyto- = cell; -kinet = move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm) gamet- = a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell) gen- = produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA) inter- = between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions) mal- = bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs) meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell) meta- = between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate) mito- = a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus) pro- = before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing) soma- = body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules); body (somatic: body cells with 46 chromosomes in humans) telos- = an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun) 4 Dr. Jennifer Davis Study Guide Mitosis and Meiosis Biology 1406 trans- = across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell) a- = not or without (asexual: type of reproduction not involving fertilization) -apsis = juncture (synapsis: the pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis) auto- = self (autosome: the chromosomes that do not determine gender) chiasm- = marked crosswise (chiasma: the X-shaped microscopically visible region representing homologous chromosomes that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis) di- = two (diploid: cells that contain two homologous sets of chromosomes) fertil- = fruitful (fertilization: process of fusion of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg cell) haplo- = single (haploid: cells that contain only one chromosome of each homologous pair) homo- = like (homologous: like chromosomes that form a pair) karyo- = nucleus (karyotype: a display of the chromosomes of a cell) meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell) **Some of the information in this study guide was supplied by Pearson from the Textbook Biology, 8th edition Campbell and Reece. The instructor has modified materials and added materials as she saw fit to enhance student learning. 5 Dr. Jennifer Davis