Download lab. This manual - Chunsheng Wang

Introduction
Welcome to Professor Chunsheng Wang’s Battery Research Lab, located in room 4128
of the chemistry building. This lab is a well renowned research lab with over 130 papers
published and over 5100 citations. Working in this lab will afford you valuable knowledge and
experience, but there are many basic concepts and skills you need to learn before beginning.
This guide is therefore intended for students new to the lab with very little lab or battery
experience. You will need to learn battery fundamentals, key terms, safety precautions, and
how to prepare and test batteries. Every researcher in this lab has their own project, and
therefore there are many drastically different projects going on at once in the lab. This manual
will only attempt to cover the fundamentals of the battery lab.
You must read and understand the safety guidelines before entering the lab, but the
machine and battery assembly sections of this guide may be read when needed. Most
experiments will require a battery assembly like the one described in this guide, however, some
experiments test different types of batteries, such as solid state batteries, that will not be
covered in this guide. There are also more machines in the lab than the ones covered in this
guide, but the machines that are covered here are the most commonly used ones.
The final thing to remember when joining our lab is that we are a very cooperative lab.
Never be afraid to ask questions or talk through an experiment with a coworker.
Page 2
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Reference………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
General Lab Safety Guidelines…………………………………………………………….. 5
Clothing…………………………………………………………………………………..5
Waste Disposal and Cleanliness……………………………………………………... 7
Hazardous Waste Disposal………………………………………………………….. 11
Emergency Procedures………………………………………………………………. 14
Equipment Used in Lab…………………………………………………………………….. 16
Glovebox……………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Vacuum Oven…………………………………………………………………………. 19
Ball Milling Machine…………………………………………………………………… 22
Scale…………………………………………………………………………………….26
Hydraulic Crimping Maching…………………………………………………………. 28
Assemble a Coin Cell……………………………………………………………………….. 30
Materials Needed………………………………………………………………………30
Assembly………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Battery Testing………………………………………………………………………… 36
Common Terms……………………………………………………………………………… 40
Emergency Telephone Numbers…………………………………………………………. 41
Page 3
Reference
Note that the measures that need to be taken when encountering these labels may vary. The
ones listed below are common measures that may or may not apply to what you will be doing
in the lab.
Tip
Extra information that is not
necessary
• Read for extra help when performing a task. It could provide additional
information for people more experienced with the task.
Note
Additional information that could
prove useful
• Read for messages related to the content. Notes can cover extra information
or useful tips.
Caution
Not dangerous but can be irritating
or potentially experiment ruining
• Common Measures to be taken:
• Handle with care
• Think ahead, in case other memebers of the lab will be using the material
Warning
Potentially a dangerous or
expensive mistake
• Common Measures to be taken:
• Do not use if not supervised by a senior member of the lab
• Some materials can be very dangerous so be aware of your surroundings
when using them
• Make sure to let other members of the lab know that you will be dealing
with dangerous materials or substances
Page 4
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Clothing
When working in the lab, the following clothing recommendations can help prevent injuries or
harm:
Fig. 1. Lab coats are recommended and are provided in
the lab, but are not required for all battery experiments.
Fig. 2. Gloves should be worn when
working with almost any chemical or
machine. This will prevent getting
chemicals on your hands from spills or
from residual material on surfaces.
Fig. 3. Long pants are required before entering the lab.
No shorts or sleeveless shirts should be worn.
Page 5
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Fig. 4. Feet must be
covered at all times:
this means proper
closed toe shoes must
be worn and shoes
such as flip flops are
not allowed.
Fig. 5. Any long hair should be tied back.
Fig. 6. Safety goggles and masks should be worn
where there is a reasonable probability of injury that
can be prevented by such equipment.
Page 6
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Waste Disposal and Cleanliness
Caution
•Before working in any station in the lab, you need to make sure that your station is clean. The
person who worked in that station before you should have cleaned after working, but it won’t
hurt to give it a quick wipe with ethanol and a kim wipe. Make sure you wash any glassware
(i.e Beakers, Erlenmeyers….etc.) with water and soap before and after using them.
When working with chemicals, make sure the floor is dry to avoid slipping in the lab. Small
chemical spills must be wiped up immediately. If there is a large chemical spill contact a lab
senior member immediately. Old containers, compromised containers, and chemical wastes
should be disposed of promptly, and should not be allowed to accumulate.
Fig.7. There are two types of trash
bins in the lab: one is for glass
disposal (left) and the other is for
regular trash (right).
Note
There is also a blue recycling bin in
the hall for cardboard, clean plastic,
glass, or metal containers. Make
sure to dispose of waste in the
appropriate bin.
Page 7
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Warning
Do not under any circumstance dispose of chemicals down the drain when not familiar with the
chemicals. Please refer to each chemical’s material safety data sheet (MSDS) for more detailed
information about waste disposal.
The main chemicals that you will deal with in the lab that can go down the drain are the
following: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, any cleaning agents available in the lab,
and of course water. Ethanol technically should not be poured down the drain, but in small
quantities is allowed. Glassware after being washed with water will contain a lot of chemicals
that are not meant to be drained, but since these chemicals are diluted they will be harmless for
the draining system.
Solid Chemicals - Solid chemicals should never be disposed of down the drain.
(I.e. Sodium Carbonate, Calcium Stearate, Barium Chloride)
Fig.8 Sodium Carbonate
Fig.9 Sodium Chloride
Page 8
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Flammable Chemicals - Liquids that have a flashpoint equal to or below 140°F cannot
be disposed of down the drain. This would include solutions with greater than 24%
alcohol content, and a variety of solvents.
List of common chemicals with Flash
Point below 140oF

















Collodion
Ethyl
Ether
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl
Pentane
Methyl Alcohol
Petroleum Ether
Propylene Oxide
Methyl Cyclohexane
Acetone
Benzene
Butyl
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Alcohol
Gasoline
Isopropanol
Page 9
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Corrosive Chemicals - Liquids that have a pH less than or equal to 6, or greater or
equal to 10 cannot be disposed of down the drain. Flushing corrosives down the drain
with lots of water is NOT allowed.
(I.e. Fluoric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric Acid )
Reactive Chemicals - Liquids that could result in an explosion, heat generation, or
toxic gas release cannot be disposed of down the drain. Examples include: cyanides,
azides, oxidizers, water reactive, and air-reactive chemicals.
Toxic Chemicals - Chemicals that have an LD50 less than 500 mg/kg OR are identified
as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic cannot be disposed of down the drain.
Heavy Metals - Heavy metals should never be disposed of down the drain.
Fig.10. Heavy metals that
should never be down the drain
Page 10
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Liquid Chemical Hazardous Waste Collection
Hazardous wastes should be collected in the specified containers shown below. Be sure that all
your chemicals are stable and that all chemical reactions have been completed before disposing
of them. If you are not sure whether or not a chemical has stabilized, ask the assistance of a
senior lab member. Make sure the waste containers are sealed at all times except when adding
hazardous material. The waste should not be kept for more than 6 months in the lab. If you
notice that a container has been there for a long time, please bring it to the attention of a senior
researcher.
Fig.11.
Containers
found in the lab
for hazardous
liquid disposal
Fig.12. Label showing the
name and percentages of
chemicals inside the
containers
Page 11
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Solid Hazardous Waste Collection
1. Solid hazardous wastes must be collected into compatible containers and kept
closed except when adding waste.
2. All sharp and broken glassware contaminated with hazardous chemicals should
be placed in a puncture resistant container and sealed prior to pick-up by the
waste disposal company.
Note
Most of the solid wastes you will be handling are battery cell and they are to be disposed of
below.
Fig.13. Old battery cells
should be disposed of in this
container, located under the
hood
Page 12
2
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Gaseous Hazardous Waste Disposal
When working with gases, you should always work under a hood. Be sure to keep the glass
down low enough to do its job. Any gas released will automatically be disposed of properly
through the ventilation and you will be protected from breathing anything in.
Page 13
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Emergency Procedures
Primary Contact:
Chunsheng Wang
Phone Number:
(301) 405-0352
Current Senior Researcher:
Xuilin Fan
Phone Number:
(301) 275-0099
In case of accidents:




Injuries that occur in the laboratory must be immediately treated.
Injuries requiring first aid may be treated using the first aid kit provided/maintained by the
Laboratory Supervisor or Principal Investigator, LS/PI, in each lab.
Emergency transport (ambulance) shall be contacted to respond to injuries requiring
more extensive treatment.
All injuries shall be investigated by the employee's immediate supervisor and reported to
the UM Chemical Hygiene Officer.
Note
Lab incidents (without injury) should be immediately reported to a senior researcher for
assessment.
Page 14
General Lab Safety Guidelines
Emergency Equipment
Each laboratory employee shall be familiar with the location, application, and correct ways to
operate the following equipment:
Fig.14. Fire Extinguishers
Fig.14. Fire Extinguisher
are located on the right
side of every door inside
the lab
Fig.15.
Fig.15. Fire
The Alarm
nearest fire
alarm can be located
next to the entrance
door of the lab.
Fig.16. Eye Wash Station
Fig.17. Shower
Page 15
Equipment Used in the Lab
Glove Box
Fig. X. Glove Box MBrown UNILab
Fig. 18. Glove boxes are to contain material that reacts with air or moisture.
This particular glove box contains the hydraulic crimping machine and
materials for battery assembly.
Warning
Wet material must never enter the glove box. All items must be oven dried before entering.
Page 16
Equipment Used in the Lab
How to transfer material into the glove box:
Before starting, the screen on the machine should show the following settings:
H20 between 0 and 10 ppm
O2 between 0 and 10 ppm
Please inform another lab member if the screen does not read these measurements. There
could be a leak or a malfunction.
Fig. 19. Location of the pressure gauge, vacuum lever, and outside transfer
door on the glove box.
1. Check that both transfer doors inside the glove box are closed.
2. To enter material into the glove box, refer to the figure 20 and turn the vacuum lever to
the refill position until the pressure reads 0- in.mg. Keep the lever in this position, as it
will keep the pressure inside at atmospheric pressure, enabling the door to be opened.
Fig. 20. The three different vacuum indications.
Page 17
Equipment Used in the Lab
3. Open the outer vacuum door (the door outside of the glove box) by lifting the black
handle upwards as shown in Fig 20.
4. Insert material into the container and close the vacuum door.
5. Slowly turn the lever to the evacuate position and wait for the needle on the pressure
gauge to reach 30- in.mg. Then slowly turn the lever to refill until the pressure reads 0.
This is considered one cycle. (Refer to Fig 19 and Fig 20)
Caution
If the levers are not turned slowly, items could potentially be knocked over or sucked into the
machine during evacuation and refill.
6. Repeat step (5) two more times, indicating two more cycles. A total of three cycles must
be completed to evacuate as much of the air as possible.
7. To transfer material inside, the needle on the pressure gage must be on 0 (or equivalent
to atmospheric pressure). After the final refill, turn the lever to the closed position. This
prevents a leak from the gas in the glovebox to the other chambers. (Refer to Fig 19 and
Fig 20)
Tip
Getting your hands into the gloves can be difficult. The easiest method is to first put your fingers
in the right holes, then push your arms into the box as straight as possible. This will help deal
with the excess material.
8. You can now open the inner vacuum door of the glovebox and transfer your material. In
order to open the inner vacuum door, you must first put your hands into the gloves.
Close the inner vacuum door and put the blue gloves on inside the glovebox before you
begin working with material.
How to transfer material out of the glovebox:
9. Open the inner vacuum door and insert material into the vacuum only if the outer
vacuum door has not been re-opened.
Note
If the outer vacuum door was opened at any time, steps (3) through (8) must be completed
again.
10. Close the inner door, and then open the outer door.
11. Close the outer door and turn the lever to evacuate. (Refer to Fig 19 and Fig 20)
Note
Please take all your trash with you; any trash, such as gloves, used in the glove box should
be put in the sink and rinsed with water before being put in the trash. This is because most
material in the glove box will react with air and may catch fire if left in a trash can
Page 18
Equipment Used in the Lab
Vacuum Oven
Fig. 21. Isotemp Vacuum Oven Model 282A. This machine is
used to dry instruments and glassware.
Note
The machine in the lab is already setup with default settings. Do not alter the temperature or
vacuum settings.
Page 19
Equipment Used in the Lab
How to use the vacuum oven:
Note
These instructions will specifically be for the machine in Fig X. The knobs for vacuum and
purge are placed differently for different machines.
Fig. 22. The vacuum knob (left) and air/purge knob (right) on the vacuum oven. Open and
close in the picture refers to opening or closing the door.
1. To open the vacuum oven door, you must turn off the vacuum pump. In this case, turn
the left knob clockwise. (Refer to Fig 22)
2. The air/purge valve should then be turned on to allow air into the chamber. In this case,
turn the right knob counterclockwise. (Refer to Fig 22)
3. Once the pressure reaches about 28-in.Hg., the door is able to be opened. Unhook the
handle and open the door. (Refer to Fig 22)
Fig. 23. Vacuum Oven Screen Reading.
Page 20
Equipment Used in the Lab
4. Insert or take out any substance and then close the door.
Note
For drying glassware after an ethanol wash, leave the items in the oven for 10-15 minutes or
until there is no smell of ethanol.
5. To close, first stop the air from entering the oven by turning off the purge knob. In this
case, turn the right knob clockwise. (Refer to Fig 22)
6. Turn on the vacuum knob to suck the air out of the oven. In this case, turn the left knob
counterclockwise while pressing on the door to completely seal the door. (Refer to Fig
24)
Note
This particular oven is broken and will not seal without extra pressure on the door. Make sure
the pressure begins to decrease before finishing. (Refer to Fig 24)
Fig. 24. Human applied force on the
vacuum oven door is shown to
properly seal the door. Make sure
pressure is decreasing before
leaving the vacuum oven.
Page 21
Equipment Used in the Lab
Ball Milling Machine
Fig. 25. Ball Milling Machine
Page 22
Equipment Used in the Lab
How to use the Ball Milling Machine:
1. Fill a milling jar with the desired size of metal balls and add desired material for milling.
(Refer to Fig 26)
Fig. 26. Milling jar with metal balls
2. Measure the weight of the entire jar with lid, balls, and material.
Fig. 27. Milling jar with metal balls and
material ready for weight
measurements.
Page 23
Equipment Used in the Lab
3. Set this measured weight in the machine by turning the small black knob located inside
the machine. This is attached to the counter balance and will ensure the machine is
balanced when spinning begins. Turn the knob until the desired weight matches the last
visible tick mark. (Refer to Fig 28)
Fig. 28. Securing milling jar inside the
ball milling machine.
4. Insert the jar into the center of the machine. (Refer to Fig 28)
5. Attach the securing mechanism to the top, fitting the wings into their slips. Each jar is a
different size and may require the wings to be fit into different levels. (Refer to Fig 28)
Page 24
Equipment Used in the Lab
6. Secure the apparatus by first attaching the lever/grip to the red plastic. Attaching the
lever will keep the red part up allowing the top knob to be turned. (Refer to Fig 29)
Fig. 29. Lever/grip positioned to
tighten the jar.
7. Turn the top knob until tight.
8. Remove the grip and turn the knob again until a click is heard. The mechanism is now
secure.
Warning
Make sure jar with the entire system can easily rotate 360 degrees without being blocked by
anything, and ensure that the entire system is centered and secure. Everything needs to be
secure to prevent potential mechanical failures when the machine starts spinning at high
speeds.
9. Close the lid and program the machine to the desired time and speed.
Fig. 30. Electronic scale on ball milling
machine usage of the machine.
Page 25
Equipment Used in the Lab
Scale
Fig. 31. Mettler Toledo Scale.
Page 26
Equipment Used in the Lab
How to use the scale:
1. Before using the scale, make sure that the two doors in the lab room are closed,
preventing a cross-breeze from interfering with the scale. The doors to the scale must
also be closed when measuring because this also helps prevents any air from
interfering.
2. Insert a weighing paper on the scale and close the scale side doors.
3. Wait for the small circle in the top left corner of the screen to disappear.
4. Once the circle on the screen is gone, you may reset the scale by pressing the (0) or
tare button. (Refer to Fig X)
Fig. 32. Scale screen showing location of the following
buttons: on/off, calibrate, and reset.
5. Open the side doors to insert material, and then close the doors shut again.
6. Once the numbers on the screen stabilize and the small circle disappears, you may take
the readings from the scale screen and record.
7. Take out the material from the scale and make sure to clean the scale if necessary.
Leave the scale doors closed when finished, and reopen the lab room doors.
Page 27
Equipment Used in the Lab
Hydraulic Crimping Machine
Fig. 33. MSK-110 Hydraulic Crimping Machine, used for
battery assembly.
Page 28
Equipment Used in the Lab
How to use the hydraulic crimping machine:
Put the coin cell in the machine, smaller lid facing up.
1. Lock the machine by turning the knob on the front clockwise. This will allow you to do
step (3) and have a way to release the pressure when finished. (Refer to Fig 33)
2. Use the jack lever on the right, pumping the lever up and down, to lift the plate with the
battery to a point where the pressure is at or above the red arrow on the pressure
gauge. (Refer to Fig 33)
Note
This exerts enough pressure on the coin cell to seal it closed.
3. Unlock the machine and release the pressure by turning the front knob
counterclockwise. (Refer to Fig 33)
Page 29
Assemble a Coin Cell
Materials Needed
If Assembly is in the glove box, these are the items you will need outside of the box.
1. Cut electrodes
2. Small bags for
each electrode
3. Two large bags
4. Tweezers
(preferably at
least one plastic
and one metal
5. Containers for
each electrode
(only used to
transfer
electrodes into
the glove box)
6. Containers for
each electrode
Page 30
Assemble a Coin Cell
Items that should already be in the glove box:
1. Coin cell bottoms
2. Spacers
3. Springs
4. Coin cell tops
5. Kim wipes
6. Gloves
7. Pipette
8. Hydraulic Crimping
Machine
9. Sodium or Lithium
Metal
10. Razor or hole punch to
cut metal
11. Electrolyte
Fig.34 Sodium on left, Lithium on right
12. Separators
Page 31
Assemble a Coin Cell
Assembly
Part One: Preparation
Note
You will almost always be preparing at least three coin cells at a time.
Step 1.1: Label each container corresponding to
the numbered electrode as seen on the right.
From here on out, each electrode will have its
own number.
Step 1.2: Weigh and record each electrode, then
place each in their corresponding container.
Step 1.3: Label each small bag with a number
and place all small bags into one larger bag.
Fig. 35 Labeled Containers
Note
You do not want the small bags loose in the transfer chamber, they could get sucked into the
machine during evacuation.
Step 1.4: Transfer containers with electrodes,
bags, and tweezers into the glove box.
Part Two: Assembly
Note
The order of the following steps does not matter, as long as your battery has the following
. order: base of the coin cell, electrode, separator, metal, spacer, spring, top of the coin cell,
and electrolyte inside.
Step 2.1: Wipe down your work space with a kim
wipe and place a clean kim wipe down to work
on.
Page 32
Assemble a Coin Cell
Step 2.2: Prepare the coin cell parts in front of
you, keeping the bases in a line and face up as
in the picture to the right.
Note
The “base” part in this case is the smaller cap
with the rubber lining.
Caution
Fig. 36 Coin cell parts
Use different tweezers for each thing you touch,
or clean them well with a kim wipe. Metal works
best with Lithium or Sodium, and plastic works
best with separators.
Step 2.3 For Lithium: Place the number of
lithium circles needed onto a clean plastic bag
and punch 3/8 sized lithium circles with a hole
punch (Fig. 37)
Fig. 37 Lithium Metal punched to size
Step 2.3 For sodium: Place a small square of
sodium on a clean plastic bag and cut thin,
millimeter sized pieces with a razor (Fig 38)
Note
The first piece you cut is always too dirty to use.
Only use pieces shiny on both sides.
Step 2.4: Keeping track of which electrode is
which, transfer each electrode to each base.
Material side should face up and aluminum or
copper side should face down. (Fig 39)
Note
Try to keep the electrode centered. You never
want the electrode to touch the metal.
Fig. 38 Sodium Metal cut into pieces.
Step 2.5: Gently place two very clean
separators on top of each electrode. (Fig. 40)
Caution
Small amounts of carbon on the separators
could potentially short circuit your battery. This
is why using two separators is safer than just
using one.
Fig. 39 Electrodes placed centered and
face up
Page 33
Assemble Your Own Battery
Step 2.6: Place one piece of metal
centered and on top of the separator.
(Fig. 40)
Step 2.7: Use a pipette to gently add the
desired amount of electrolyte to the cell.
(Fig. 41)
Note
If your material reacts with the electrolyte
you are using, an S.E.I. layer will form
causing the electrolyte to be used up. This
means you want to use a lot of electrolyte
(10-20 drops). Rarely, your material might
dissolve in your electrolyte, causing you to
lose material. In this case you want as little
electrolyte as possible (4-8 drops).
Step 2.8: Place one to two spacers on
top. One spacer is used if the metal used
was particularly thick, such as a thick
slice of sodium. Two spacers are most
commonly used. (Fig. 42)
Fig. 40 Separators and metal added. Note,
separators can be seen in a small jar on top.
Fig. 41 Electrolyte added. Try to keep the
metal centered.
Step 2.9: Place one spring on top of the
spacers. (Fig. 42)
Step 2.10: Place the cap on the cell and
press down gently to ensure a tight fit.
(Fig. 43)
Fig. 42 Two spacers then one spring added.
Caution
Do NOT touch the cells with metal
tweezers. This will short circuit your cell.
Pick up cells by hand and place them in
the machine.
Step 2.11: Place the cell cap down in the
hydraulic crimping machine and seal the
cell.
Fig. 43 Two spacers then one spring added.
Page 34
Assemble Your Own Battery
Step 2.12: Place your cells in their
corresponding bags to keep track of
each. Place the excess lithium or
sodium back into their jars and exit
the glove box taking all your trash
with you.
Caution
To test the voltage, the red prong is
resting on top and the black prong is
touching the side of the cell with the
cap face down. This means that the
black prong is touching the cap while
the red is touching the base of the cell.
(If you were to switch colors, the
voltage given would be negative) Do
not touch one prong to both top and
bottom of the cell or you will short
circuit the battery. If the battery is
shorted, the voltage will rapidly
decrease or be 0.
Step 2.13: Test the open circuit
voltage of each cell with a voltmeter
by turning the voltmeter on to 20mA
and place each prong on either side
of the cell. (Fig. 45)
Fig. 44 Cells in their corresponding bags.
Fig. 45 Testing the cells with the voltmeter.
Page 35
Assemble Your Own Battery
Battery Testing
Step 1: Check for open channels and
remove an empty green coin cell
holder.
Caution
Never remove someone else’s coin cell
without asking first, and always be sure
you are removing the right number.
You could potentially ruin someone’s
experiment if not careful.
Fig. 46 Where to plug in coin cells for testing.
Step 2: Being careful not to touch metal to both sides of the cell at
once, slide your cell into a holder.
Step 3: Replace the holder into the machine and find the
corresponding channel on the computer.
Step 4: Right click the “Scheduled Name” column for the correct
number, and click open. This will bring up Fig. 48.
Fig. 47 Coin cell
holder
Step 5: Change the settings for testing the cell. Note that each green line labels a step
and each DV_time is the time between data points taken.
 The first step shown in Fig. 49 is a rest step. Change the amount of time you
want the battery to be resting by changing the DV_Chan_step_time. Fig. 49
shows a 5 minute rest time and will take data points every one minute.
 The second step shown is a discharge step, but could be changed to a charge
step if needed by setting the current to a positive value. Current can be found in
the second and fourth green row. Here, current is -4*10-5A. Further in the same
row, this current is considered low because it follows the chart in Fig. 50. This
step will continue until the voltage is less than or equal to 0, as seen by
PV_chan_voltage <=0.
 The third step is a rest step for one minute.
 The fourth step is a charge at current 4*10-5A until voltage is greater than or
equal to 2V.
 After another rest, the sixth step causes everything to cycle until the cycle
number is greater than or equal to 1001 cycles.
Page 36
Assemble Your Own Battery
Fig. 48 Main window. Each number on the left of the screen corresponds to the number the
holder was plugged into.
Fig. 49. This screen displays how the machine will cycle your cell.
Page 37
Assemble Your Own Battery
Fig. 50. Chart found on the top of the machine that displays parameters for high, medium,
or low current based on the range.
Step 6: Save the schedule file, close it, then right click the schedule name again, and
choose assign. This will open Fig. 51.
Step 7: Choose the schedule file you saved. It should now appear under the correct number
in the column “schedule name”.
Step 8: Right click the test name and choose “start channel.” This will bring up fig 52.
Step 9: Enter an appropriate test name and click okay. Your cell should now be taking data
points.
Page 38
Assemble Your Own Battery
Fig. 51. The window that appears when you right click the schedule name and choose
“assign.”
Fig. 52. The window that appears when you right click the test name and choose “start
channel.”
Page 39
Common Terms
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Current Collector
Current
S.E.I.
Primary Battery
Secondary Battery
Conversion
Intercalation
X.R.D.
Amorphous
S.E.M.
T.E.M.
The electrode where electrons move from during discharge. This is
typically the lower voltage.
The electrode where electrons move to during discharge. This is typically
the higher voltage.
The liquid (or occasionally solid) substance between the cathode and
anode. This should have the highest possible conductivity for ions and
lowest conductivity for electrons.
The material that the electrode materials typically rest on. This can affect
the ability for charge to transfer from the material to the edge of the coin
cell. Anode material commonly uses copper foil, and cathode material
commonly uses aluminum foil.
A flow of electric charge.
Solid Electrolyte Interface. Known to form on the surface of cathode or
anode materials due to side reactions in the charge and discharge process.
This can either be beneficial or detrimental to a battery depending on if it
impedes or improves conductivity.
An irreversible battery
A reversible battery
When the electrode materials undergo a reversible electrochemical
reaction with the transferring ions.
When the electrode materials have ions inserted into their structures.
X-ray powder diffraction is a technique that allows the identification of
different crystalized materials. This will not identify amorphous material.
When material forms no pattern or structure on the molecular scale.
Scanning Electron Microscopy gives images of a material’s surface based
on scattered electrons and is used to visualize morphology.
Transmitting Electron Microscopy gives images of a material’s internal
composition using transmitted electrons.
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Equipment Telephone Numbers
Department
University of Maryland 24 hour
emergency number: FIRE POLICE - RESCUE
Environmental Safety: Main
Office
Chemical Hygiene Officer
Radiation Safety
University Health Center
Occupational Health
Workers' Compensation Office
Facilities Management Work
Control
Laboratory Supervisor(s):
Description
Call immediately for any emergency including
injured or sick person, chemical spill, or fire.
Industrial Hygiene, Hazardous Waste
Management, Fire Protection, Hazard
Communication, Safety Education
Program Consultation and Administration
Health Physics, Radioactive Materials
Procurement
Medical Consultation and Evaluation
Repair of Facility Equipment Deficiencies, e.g.,
fume hoods, emergency eyewashes,
ventilation, etc.
Chunsheng Wang
Number
911
(301) 405-3960
(301) 405-3980
(301) 405-3985
(301) 314-8172
(301) 405-5466
(301) 405-2222
(301)405-0352
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