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Contents
Issue
Preface
page
a
Verbs..............................................................................................................................................................................4
What is a verb? ..........................................................................................................................................................4
Physical Verbs – Definition and Examples ...............................................................................................................4
Physical Verb Examples .................................................................................................................................4
Mental Verbs – Definition and Examples .................................................................................................................4
Mental Verb Examples ....................................................................................................................................4
States of Being Verbs – Definition and Examples ....................................................................................................5
States of Being Verb Examples ....................................................................................................................5
Types of Verbs ..........................................................................................................................................................5
List of all Verb Types .........................................................................................................................................5
Action Verbs ..................................................................................................................................................................6
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .................................................................................................................6
Transitive Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................6
Intransitive Verbs ......................................................................................................................................................7
Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs .........................................................................................................................................8
How to Identify an Auxiliary Verb ...........................................................................................................................8
Three Common Auxiliary Verbs ...............................................................................................................................9
Have ...................................................................................................................................................................10
Do .......................................................................................................................................................................10
Be .......................................................................................................................................................................10
Modal Auxiliary Verbs ............................................................................................................................................11
Auxiliary Verb Examples ........................................................................................................................................11
Auxiliary Verb Exercises ........................................................................................................................................11
Stative Verbs................................................................................................................................................................12
What are Stative Verbs? ..........................................................................................................................................12
Stative Verb Examples: ...........................................................................................................................................12
see ......................................................................................................................................................................12
hear ....................................................................................................................................................................13
have ...................................................................................................................................................................13
List of Stative Verbs ................................................................................................................................................13
Stative Verb Exercises.............................................................................................................................................14
Modal Verbs ................................................................................................................................................................15
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-Modals) ..............................................................................................................15
Can, Could, Be Able To ..........................................................................................................................................15
Ability/Lack of Ability ........................................................................................................................................15
Possibility / Impossibility ..................................................................................................................................16
Ask Permission / Give Permission .................................................................................................................16
Make a suggestion – To make a suggestion use: .......................................................................................17
Exercises: Can, Could, Be able to ...........................................................................................................................17
May, Might ..............................................................................................................................................................17
Exercises: May / Might ...........................................................................................................................................18
Shall, Should, Ought to ...........................................................................................................................................19
Exercises: Should, Shouldn’t, Ought To .................................................................................................................20
Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t have to, Needn’t .....................................................................................................20
Necessity or Requirement ...............................................................................................................................20
Almost 100% Certain .......................................................................................................................................21
To Persuade ......................................................................................................................................................21
Prohibited or Forbidden ...................................................................................................................................21
Lack of Necessity .............................................................................................................................................21
Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Needn’t ...................................................................................21
Modals: Will / Would ..............................................................................................................................................22
will / won’t + base form of the verb ................................................................................................................22
Polite Request or Statement ...........................................................................................................................22
Habitual Past Action .........................................................................................................................................22
Exercises: will, would .............................................................................................................................................23
Exercises – All Modals............................................................................................................................................23
Phrasal Verbs ...............................................................................................................................................................24
What are Phrasal Verbs? .........................................................................................................................................24
Phrasal Verb Examples ...........................................................................................................................................24
Phrasal Verb Exercises ............................................................................................................................................25
Verb Tenses .................................................................................................................................................................26
Present Simple ....................................................................................................................................................26
Present Progressive (Continuous) .......................................................................................................................26
Past Simple .........................................................................................................................................................27
Past Progressive (Continuous) ............................................................................................................................27
Future ..................................................................................................................................................................27
Perfect Tenses .........................................................................................................................................................27
Present Perfect Simple ........................................................................................................................................27
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous) ...........................................................................................................28
Past Perfect Simple .............................................................................................................................................28
Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) ................................................................................................................28
Future Perfect Simple / Future Perfect Progressive ............................................................................................28
rregular Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................28
What Are Irregular Verbs? ......................................................................................................................................28
Irregular Verb Examples .........................................................................................................................................29
Irregular Verb Exercises ..........................................................................................................................................30
Confusing Verbs ..........................................................................................................................................................30
Exercises – Confusing verbs ...................................................................................................................................32
Gerunds and Infinitives ................................................................................................................................................33
What are Gerunds? ..................................................................................................................................................33
Spelling Tip ......................................................................................................................................................33
Gerund Examples ....................................................................................................................................................33
What are Infinitives? ...............................................................................................................................................34
Infinitive Examples .................................................................................................................................................34
Exercises – Gerunds and Infinitives ........................................................................................................................35
Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives ..............................................................................................................36
Common verbs and phrases that are followed by a gerund ...............................................................36
Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in meaning
............................................................................................................................................................................37
Common verbs that can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning..37
Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive ..................................................................................37
Common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive .......38
Passive Voice ...............................................................................................................................................................39
What is the passive voice? .......................................................................................................................................39
The passive agent ....................................................................................................................................................39
Forming the passive voice .......................................................................................................................................40
Passive Voice – Exercises .......................................................................................................................................42
Conclusion
41
Sorce
42
Verbs
What is a verb?
A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.
In fact, you can’t have a sentence or a question without a verb! That’s how important these “action” parts of speech
are.
The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs
always express activity.
Physical Verbs – Definition and Examples
Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create a motion with your body or
use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.
Physical Verb Examples
The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Let’s run to the corner and back.

I hear the train coming.

Call me when you’re finished with class.
Mental Verbs – Definition and Examples
Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning.
In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.
Mental Verb Examples
The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I know the answer.

She recognized me from across the room.

Do you believe everything people tell you?
States of Being Verbs – Definition and Examples
Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State of being verbs are
inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.
States of Being Verb Examples
The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I am a student.

We are circus performers.

Please is quiet.
Types of Verbs
How many types of verbs are there? In addition to the main categories of physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of
being verbs, there are several other types of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are
grouped by function.
List of all Verb Types
Action Verbs
Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone doing
something.
Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs always have direct objects,
meaning someone or something receives the action of the verb.
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No direct object follows an intransitive verb.
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or
to form a question or negative.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate to thoughts,
emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used together to take on a
different meaning to that of the original verb.
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle verbs.
Action Verbs
Action Verbs are verbs that express action. Ex: run, walk, do, drive.
I’ll do my homework when I get home.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Most action verbs are defined as transitive or intransitive. This means that some are used with a direct object (the
person or thing that receives the action of the subject) and others don’t need a direct object. Some verbs can be both
transitive and intransitive depending on their meaning.
1. Transitive Verb – Joe will send the price quote as soon as he can.
2. Intransitive Verb – Many of the students are not well. They coughed throughout the lesson.
Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs always receive a direct object:
1. Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion.
(His boss is the direct object of annoys and a promotion is the direct object of get)
2. Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch every day.
(Mrs. Smith is the direct object of brings. Jenna is the subject.
Here’s a list of some common transitive verbs that must be followed by a direct object:

bring

send

owe

contain

buy

show

take

tell

verify

check

get

wash

finalize

annoy

lay

lend

offer

edit

make

phone
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object in order to complete their meaning. Many are followed by an adjective,
adverb, preposition or verb complement (gerund or infinitive).
Here is a list of common intransitive verbs:

come

explode

laugh

sit

rise

excel

respond

run

cough

swim

emigrate

smile

act

cry

immigrate

lie

arrive

continue

die

go
1. If Cathy continues to be late for work, the boss will fire her.
(Continues is followed by an infinitive (to be), with no direct object.)
2. The bomb exploded in the city center.
(Exploded is followed by a preposition of place with no direct object.)
Many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive depending on their meanings.
Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs
Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or
question. The most common auxiliary verbs are have, be, and do.
1. Does Sam write all his own reports?
2. The secretaries haven’t written all the letters yet.
3. Terry is writing an e-mail to a client at the moment.
Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, add functional or grammatical meaning to the clauses in which they
appear. They perform their functions in several different ways:

By expressing tense ( providing a time reference, i.e. past, present, or future)

Grammatical aspect (expresses how verb relates to the flow of time)

Modality (quantifies verbs)

Voice (describes the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the participants identified by the
verb’s subject, object, etc.)

Adds emphasis to a sentence
Auxiliary verbs almost always appear together with a main verb, and though there are only a few of them, they are
among the most frequently occurring verbs in the English language.
How to Identify an Auxiliary Verb
You probably know that every sentence has at least one verb in it. There are two main types of verbs. Action verbs
are used to depict activities that are doable, and linking verbs are used to describe conditions. Both action verbs and
linking verbs can accompany auxiliary verbs including the three main ones: do, be, and have.
Sometimes actions or conditions occur only one time and then they’re over. It’s at times like these that some of the
same verbs that are used as auxiliary verbs are instead used as action or linking verbs. In this example, we see the
word “is”. This is one of the most common auxiliary verbs, but because it stands alone here, it is not functioning as an
auxiliary verb.
Jerry slammed the car door on his thumb. He is in horrible pain.
“Is” is a linking verb in this sentence. Because it stands alone, it is not an auxiliary verb.
At other times, an action or condition is ongoing, happening predictably, or occurring in relationship to another event
or set of events. In these cases, single-word verbs like is are not accurately capable of describing what happened, so
phrases that include auxiliary verbs are used instead. These can be made up of anywhere from two to four words.
A main verb, also known as a base verb, indicates the kind of action or condition taking place. An auxiliary or helping
verb accompanies the main verb and conveys other nuances that help the reader gain specific insight into the event
that is taking place.
Read the following sentences and explanations to gain greater insight into how auxiliary verbs work.
1. Jerry caught his thumb in the car door as coffee spilled from his cup onto his favorite shirt.
2. Jerry is always spilling things.
3. Since Jerry is also accident prone, he should have been drinking coffee from a mug with a lid,
which would not have spilled on his favorite shirt.
In sentence one, caught and spilled, single-word verbs, describe quick, one-time actions of both Jerry and his
messy coffee. This sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb.
Since Jerry often has unfortunate accidents, is spilling communicates the frequency of his clumsy actions in
sentence two. In sentence three, the auxiliary verbs that make up should have been drinking and would have
stained express time relationships as well as an evaluation of Jerry’s actions.
Three Common Auxiliary Verbs
There are just three common auxiliary verbs:

Have

Do

Be
In this section, we’ll take a closer look at how these common verbs work, plus you’ll see some examples.
Have
“Have” is a very important verb that can stand alone in all its tenses, including has, have, having, had,
and hadn’t or had not. It is usually used to denote ownership, and it can also be used to discuss ability or describe
appearance. “Have” is also a very popular substitute for the verbs “eat” and “drink.” For example: “Let’s have dinner.”
When used as an auxiliary verb, have is always teamed up with another verb to create a complete verb phrase,
making it easy to differentiate between uses. You can see the difference in the sentences below:

Jerry has a large coffee stain on his shirt. → Has = action verb

Jerry has bought a new shirt to replace the one that was ruined earlier. → Has = auxiliary verb; bought is a past
participle that competes the verb phrase.

Jerry should have been more careful! → Have = auxiliary verb; phrase “should have been” expresses time and
evaluates Jerry’s actions.
Do
“Do” can be used as an action verb that stands alone in all its tenses, including to
do, do, does,done, did and didn’t, doesn’t or did not .
When used as an auxiliary verb, do is always paired up with another verb to create a complete verb phrase. In some
cases, it is used to add emphasis: “I did put the garbage out!” Do is often used to form questions and negated
clauses. It is also used in elliptical sentences, where the main verb is understood and is omitted as a result. For
example: “He plays piano well, doesn’t he?” or “They all had dinner, but I didn’t.”

Because he spills things so often, Jerry does more laundry than most people.  Does = action verb

Jerry didn’t put his coffee in a cup with a lid.  Didn’t = auxiliary verb

Jerry doesn’t always spill things, but it happens a lot.  Doesn’t = auxiliary verb
Be
“Be” or “to be” is an important verb that has a multitude of uses in English. It can be used as an action verb that
stands alone in all its tenses including be, to be, been, am, are, is, was, were, wasn’t, was not aren’t, are not,
weren’t and were not.
When used as an auxiliary verb, be is always paired with another verb to create a complete verb phrase. It can be
singular or plural, present or past. Negative sentences are formed by adding the word “not”.

Jerry is messy.  Is = action verb

Although he is always complaining about his accidents, Jerry fails to pay attention.  is = auxiliary verb

Jerry is going to be doing extra laundry for the rest of his life.  to be = auxiliary verb
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
In addition to the three main auxiliary verbs, have, do, and be, there are additional auxiliary verbs. These are
called modal auxiliary verbs, and they never change form. A complete list of modal auxiliary verbs follows:

Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Ought to

Shall

Should

Will

Would
Auxiliary Verb Examples
Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs and verb phrases. In the examples below, the verb phrase is italicized
and the auxiliary verb is in bold.
1. Jessica is taking John to the airport.
2. If he doesn’t arrive on time, he’ll have to take a later flight.
3. Unfortunately, our dinner has been eaten by the dog.
4. I have purchased a new pair of shoes to replace the ones that were lost in my luggage.
5. We hope you don’t have an accident on your way to school.
6. She was baking a pie for dessert.
7. Dad has been working hard all day.
8. The bed was made as soon as I got up.
9. Sarah doesn’t ski or roller skate.
10. Did Matthew bring coffee?
Auxiliary Verb Exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the choices presented:
1. What ________________ the kids doing when you last saw them? (was, were, are, did, been)
2. Carla ________________ always wanted to try skydiving. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have)
3. Where __________________ you go on your summer vacation? (were, been, are, did, does)
4. Why do you think she __________ call you like she said she would? (didn’t, is, hasn’t, has been, have)
5. Mary _____________ going to be upset when she hears what happened. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has)
6. Jeremy _____________ want to go to the movies; he wants to stay home instead. (doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t,
was not)
7. I _________________ appreciate his jokes. They weren’t funny. (did, have, been, didn’t, haven’t)
8. I really like fish but I _______________ care for meat. (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was)
9. Where _____________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did)
10. Tara ________________ called yet; she’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t, wouldn’t)
Answers: 1 – were, 2 – has, 3 – did, 4 – didn’t, 5 – is, 6 – doesn’t, 7 – didn’t, 8 – don’t, 9 – were, 10 – hasn’t
Stative Verbs
What are Stative Verbs?
Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions,
relationships, senses, states of being and measurements. These verbs are not usually used with ing in progressive
(continuous) tenses even though they may take on time expressions such as now and at the moment. We use the
simple tenses for them.
1. Paul feels rotten today. He has a bad cold.
2. Do you recognize him? He is a famous rock star.
3. Our client appreciated all the work we did for him.

Incorrect: I’m smelling your wife’s wonderful spaghetti sauce.

Correct: I smell your wife’s wonderful spaghetti sauce.
However, there are some verbs that look like they should be stative, but may appear in the ing form. These verbs
differ in meaning to the stative verbs.
Stative Verb Examples:
see
1. I see Michael, but he can’t see me. I’m too far away. (I see him with my eyes.)
2. James is seeing Marsha. They’ve been together for a month. (He’s dating her.)
hear
1. I hear music coming from the Smith’s apartment. Someone must be home now. (To experience sound)
2. I’m hearing voices. (I’m imagining it)
have
1. Jeremy has a Mercedes. (He owns it.)
2. Sara is having lunch with her editor. (She’s eating lunch)
List of Stative Verbs

adore

agree

appear (seem)

appreciate

be (exist)

believe

belong to

concern

consist of

contain

cost

deny

depend on

deserve

detest

disagree

dislike

doubt

equal

feel

hate

have (possession)

hear

imagine

include

involve

know

lack

like

loathe

look (seem)

love

matter

mean

measure

mind

need

owe

own

possess

promise

realize

recognize

remember

resemble

satisfy

see

seem

smell

sound

suppose

surprise

taste

think (opinion)

understand

want

weigh

wish
Stative Verb Exercises
Complete each sentence using the stative verb from the parenthesis:
1. Do you _________ the answer? (depend on, know, include)
2. Jim _________ dessert every day. (has, eats, possesses)
3. I _________ good about the race’s outcome. (am, were, feel)
4. She _________ her mother. (imagines, resembles, walks with)
5. Do you _________ they will win? (think, involve, promise)
6. They really _________ everything you did for them. (include, appreciate, dislike)
7. I think the teacher was _________ with my speech. (involved, measured, satisfied)
8. Can you _________ the coffee brewing? (feel, smell, dislike)
9. I still _________ a lot of money on my student loans. (deserve, owe, involve)
10. You _________ more shoes than anyone else I know! (dislike, suppose, have)
Answers: 1 – know, 2 – has, 3 – feel, 4 – resembles, 5 – think, 6 – appreciate, 7 – satisfied, 8 –smell, 9 – owe,
10 – have
Modal Verbs
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-Modals)
A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation.
Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary
verbs and the preposition to. The modals and semi-modals in English are:
1. Can/could/be able to
2. May/might
3. Shall/should
4. Must/have to
5. Will/would
Can, Could, Be Able To
Can, could and be able to are used to express a variety of ideas in English:
Ability/Lack of Ability
Present and Future:
can/can’t + base form of the verb
1. Tom can write poetry very well.
2. I can help you with that next week.
3. Lisa can’t speak French.
am / is / are / will be + able to + base form of the verb
am not/ isn’t / aren’t/ won’t be + able to + base form of the verb
1. Mike is able to solve complicated math equations
2. The support team will be able to help you in about ten minutes.
3. I won’t be able to visit you next summer.
Past:
could / couldn’t + base form of the verb
1. When I was a child I could climb trees.
was / were + able to + base form of the verb
wasn’t / weren’t + able to + base form of the verb
hasn’t / haven’t + been able to + base form of the verb
1. I wasn’t able to visit her in the hospital.
2. He hasn’t been able to get in touch with the client yet.
Note: Can and could do not take an infinitive (to verb) and do not take the future auxiliary will.

Incorrect: I can to help you this afternoon.

Correct: I can help you this afternoon.

Correct: I will (I’ll) be able to help you this afternoon.
Possibility / Impossibility
can / can’t + base form of the verb
1. You can catch that train at 10:43.
2. He can’t see you right now. He’s in surgery.
could + base form of the verb
1. I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before.
Ask Permission / Give Permission
Can + Subject + base form of the verb (informal)
1. Can you lend me ten dollars?
Can + base form of the verb (informal)
1. You can borrow my car.
Could + subject + base form of the verb (polite)
1. Could I have your number?
2. Could I talk to your supervisor please?
Make a suggestion – To make a suggestion use:
Could + base form of the verb (informal)
1. You could take the tour of the castle tomorrow.
Exercises: Can, Could, Be able to
Fill in the correct form of can, could or be able to as in the examples.
1. Ben could not help his little brother with his homework yesterday.
2. Can I call you later tonight?
1. _______ Tony run long distances when he was a boy?
2. ______ you please call a tow truck for me? My car broke down. (polite)
3. The students _______ to buy their textbooks today. The bookstore is all out of them.
4. ______ you teach me how to fix my computer? You’re so good at it.
5. ______ you ______ reach the customer if you call him at 4:00 his time?
Answers:
1. Could
2. Could
3. aren’t able
4. Can
5. Will/be able to
May, Might
Formal Permission / Formal Prohibition
may / may not + base form of the verb
1. You may start your exam now.
2. You may not wear sandals to work.
Polite Request
May + subject + base form of the verb
1. May I help you?
Possibility / Negative Possibility
may/ might + base form of the verb
1. We may go out dinner tonight. Do you want to join us?
2. Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price.
may not / might not + base form of the verb
1. Adam and Sue may not buy that house. It’s very expensive.
2. They might not buy a house at all.
To Make a Suggestion (when there is no better alternative)
may as well / might as well + base form of the verb
1. You may as well come inside. John will be home soon.
2. We might as well take Friday off. There’s no work to be done anyway.
Polite Suggestion
might + base form of the verb
1. You might like to try the salmon fillet. It’s our special today.
Exercises: May / Might
Fill in the correct form of may or might as in the example.
1. May I sit here?
1. They ______ finish the project on time. The main engineer is ill.
2. You _____ want to stop by the museum gift shop on your way out.
3. _____ I have your autograph?
4. He _______ visit the Louvre. He’s in Paris anyway.
5. You ______ park your car here. It’s reserved for guests of the hotel only.
Answers:
1. might not
2. might
3. May
4. may as well
5. may not
Shall, Should, Ought to
To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are quite sure of a positive answer)
Shall + subject + base form of the verb
1. Shall we go for a walk?
Note: Shall is only used with I or we. It is used instead of will only in formal English.
To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are not sure of a positive answer)
Should + subject + base form of the verb
1. Should I call a doctor?
A Prediction or Expectation that Something Will Happen
should/shouldn’t + base form of the verb
1. The proposal should be finished on time.
2. I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on time.
To Give Advice
should / ought to + base form of the verb
1. You should check that document before you send it out.
2. You ought to have your car serviced before the winter.
To Give Advice (about something you think wrong or unacceptable)
shouldn’t + base form of the verb
1. James shouldn’t teach him words like those.
Exercises: Should, Shouldn’t, Ought To
Fill in should, shouldn’t or ought in the following sentences as in the example.
1. He shouldn’t encourage such bad behavior.
1. You _____ get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
2. The house ______ be ready to move into by next month. It’s almost finished.
3. Ron ________ to improve his attitude. If he doesn’t, he might get fired.
4. ________ I get your jacket? It’s cold in here.
5. You ________ put your feet on the table. It’s not polite.
Answers:
1. should
2. should
3. ought
4. shall
5. shouldn’t
Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t have to, Needn’t
Necessity or Requirement
Present and Future:
must / have to / need to + base form of the verb
1. You must have a passport to cross the border.
2. Elisabeth has to apply for her visa by March 10th.
3. I need to drop by his room to pick up a book.
Past:
had to / needed to + base form of the verb
1. I had to work late last night.
2. I needed to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.
Note: have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many times, need to is used to express something
that is less urgent, something in which you have a choice.
Almost 100% Certain
must + base form of the verb
1. Thomas has lived in Paris for years. His French must be very good.
To Persuade
must / have to + base form of the verb
1. You must try this wine. It’s excellent.
2. You have to visit us while you’re in town.
Prohibited or Forbidden
must not / mustn’t + base form of the verb
1. You must not drive over the speed limit.
2. You mustn’t leave medicines where children can get to them.
Lack of Necessity
don’t /doesn’t /didn’t + have to + base form of the verb
1. You don’t have to park the car. The hotel valet will do it for you.
2. Tim doesn’t have to go to school today. It’s a holiday.
3. You didn’t have to shout. Everyone could hear you.
needn’t + base form of the verb
1. You needn’t worry about me. I’ll be fine.
Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Needn’t
Fill in the blanks with one of these modals:
must, must not, have to, has to, don’t have to, doesn’t have to, needn’t as in the examples.
There may be more than one correct answer.
1. Shira doesn’t have to drive to the airport. She’s going by taxi.
2. You must speak politely to the customers.
1. You ______ tell Anna about the party tomorrow night. It’s a surprise! (must not, need to, doesn’t have to)
2. Tina _______ register for her classes on Monday, otherwise she won’t get a place in them. (doesn’t have to,
mustn’t, has to)
3. You ________ send that fax. I’ve already sent it. (must, will have to, don’t have to)
4. A dog ______ get special training in order to be a guide dog. (must, need to, don’t have to)
5. Jeremy _______ get up early tomorrow. His class was cancelled. (mustn’t, doesn’t have to, don’t need to)
Answers:
1. must not
2. has to
3. don’t have to
4. must
5. doesn’t have to
Modals: Will / Would
will / won’t + base form of the verb
1. John will pick you up at 7:00am.
2. Beth won’t be happy with the results of the exam.
Polite Request or Statement
Will / Would + base form of the verb
1. Will you please take the trash out?
2. Would you mind if I sat here?
3. I’d (I would) like to sign up for your workshop.
Habitual Past Action
Would/Wouldn’t + base form of the verb
1. When I was a child, I would spend hours playing with my train set.
2. Peter wouldn’t eat broccoli when he was a kid. He loves it now.
Exercises: will, would
Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t.
1. Will you please help me lift this box?
1. I ______ like to order the onion soup please.
2. The manager _______ be pleased to hear that a customer slipped on the wet floor.
3. _______ it be okay if I slept here tonight?
4. When Igor lived in Russia, he ________ call his mother as often as he does now.
5. I can assure you sir, the order ______ be shipped out tonight.
Answers:
1. would
2. won’t
3. would
4. wouldn’t
5. will
Exercises – All Modals
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals:
can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don’t have to, need to
– You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the sentence.
– There may be more than one possibility.
1. He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.
2. Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.
1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You’ll infect everyone there.
2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights.
3. You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.
4. She ______ hear much better with her new hearing aids.
5. ______ I order us a bottle of wine?
6. Sam ______ pick his daughter up from school. She’s taking the bus home.
7. You _____________ smoke here. It’s a smoke-free building.
8. You ________ eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.
9. _________ you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be late.
10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know how to do it.
Answers:
1. shouldn’t
2. must
3. don’t have to
4. can
5. shall
6. needn’t
7. mustn’t
8. shouldn’t
9. would
10. can’t
Phrasal Verbs
What are Phrasal Verbs?
A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb) that when used together, usually
take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
Phrasal Verb Examples
1. break down, check in, tear up
When we use phrasal verbs, we use them like normal verbs in a sentence, regardless if it’s a regular or irregular
verb.
1. Ella tore up the letter after she read it.
2. Their car broke down two miles out of town.
3. Did the manager deal with that customer’s complaint.
More phrasal verb examples:
1. Be sure to put on a life jacket before getting into the boat.
2. We left out the trash for pickup.
3. It’s time to get on the plane.
4. What will she think up next?
5. I’m having some trouble working out the solution to this equation.
6. We’re going to have to put off our vacation until next year.
7. Stand up when speaking in class, please.
8. We’ll have to wake up early if we want breakfast.
9. Take off your shoes before you walk on the carpet.
10. My dog likes to break out of his kennel to chase squirrels.
Click here for an extensive list of phrasal verbs
Phrasal Verb Exercises
Choose the correct phrasal verb from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
1. Someone broke into my car last night and stole the stereo. (broke down/broke into)
2. Will you be able to get by this month with the little you have?(get off / get by)
1. His father always taught him not to _____ those people with less. (look up to / look down on)
2. Stop complaining and _____ your work! (get on with / get over)
3. The boss wants you to _____ your figures for this month to him. (hand out / hand in)
4. We’re going to have to _____ our trip to Spain until September. (put up/ put off)
5. I _____ Amir today at the supermarket. It was great to see him. (ran out of / ran into)
6. I’m so tired of Sophie _____ her engagement ring all the time. (showing off, showing up)
7. The police would not _____ to the kidnapper’s demands. (give up/ give in)
8. I thought I would _____ for a cup of coffee. Is that okay? (drop off/ drop in)
9. Have you ever _____ such an unusual piece of art? (come forward/come across)
10. It’s important to _____ on time. (show up / show off)
11. _____ your feet when walking; you don’t want to trip! (uplift / lift up)
12. The tree was _____ by the wind. (blown up / blown over)
13. He _____ his hat to show me his new haircut. (took off / took up)
14. I just can’t seem to _____ this book. (get off / get into )
Answers:
1. look down on
2. get on with
3. hand in
4. put off
5. ran into
6. showing off
7. give in
8. drop in
9. come across
10. show up
11. lift up
12. blown over
13. took off
14. get into
Verb Tenses
Present Simple
1. Positive: Most kids like milk.
2. Negative: I do not like milk unless it’s chocolate.
3. Yes/No Questions: Do you like milk?
4. Wh-Questions: When do we board the train for Paris?
5. Tag Questions: You like scuba diving, don’t you?
Present Progressive (Continuous)
1. Positive:You are learning to use perfect English.
2. Negative:You are not sleeping now.
3. Yes/No Questions:Are you eating?
4. Wh-Questions:What are you watching?
5. Tag Questions:You aren’t eating liverwurst, are you?
Past Simple
1. Positive:I visited my grandmother yesterday.
2. Negative:We didn’t watch the movie on Saturday.
3. Yes/No Questions:Did you have spaghetti for dinner last night?
4. Wh-Questions:Why didn’t you wash the car yesterday?
5. Tag Questions:You went to Paris last year, didn’t you?
Past Progressive (Continuous)
1. Positive:We were watching TV when the power went out.
2. Negative:You were not listening to the teacher’s instructions yesterday.
3. Yes/No Questions:Were you skateboarding when you broke your leg?
4. Wh-Questions:What were you doing when you heard the news?
Future
Future Simple
1. Be Going To:We are going to the movies tonight.
2. Shall:You will help your grandmother later.
Future Progressive (Continuous)
1. Present Simple and Present Progressive with Future Meaning: Sam will be coming home any minute.
Perfect Tenses
The perfect tenses describe actions that have already been completed or that began in the past and are relevant to
the present or that will have happened at a particular time in the future. They are also referred to as the perfective
aspect.
Present Perfect Simple
1. Positive:They have been to Paris.
2. Negative:You haven’t gone overseas.
3. Yes/No Questions:Have you been to London?
4. Wh-Questions:Why are we here?
5. Tag Questions:You haven’t been to Zurich, have you?
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
1. Positive:They have been swimming for more than an hour.
2. Negative:You haven’t waited thirty minutes yet.
3. Yes/No Questions:Have you been waiting long?
4. Wh-Questions:What time did you begin waiting?
5. Tag Questions:You haven’t been waiting long, have you?
Past Perfect Simple
1. Positive:He had studied French before traveling to Paris.
2. Negative: She hadn’t studied French before last semester.
3. Yes/No Questions:Had you studied French before you traveled to Paris?
4. Wh-Questions:Why hadn’t you studied French when you knew you’d be traveling to Paris soon?
5. Tag Questions:You hadn’t visited the U.S. before your trip in 2010, had you?
Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
1. Positive:We had been waiting for more than three hours when the train finally arrived.
2. Negative:We had not been waiting for more than thirty minutes when her plane landed.
3. Yes/No Questions:Had you been waiting for longer than three hours?
4. Wh-Questions:Why had you been waiting for the last two hours?
Future Perfect Simple / Future Perfect Progressive
1. Future Perfect Simple:You will have perfected your French by the time you come back from Paris.
2. Future Perfect Progressive:We will be waiting for him when his plan arrives tonight.
rregular Verbs
What Are Irregular Verbs?
Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple (V2) or
past participle (V3). Many of the irregular V2 and V3 forms are the same, such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt
– hurt, fed- fed, sold-sold
Irregular Verb Examples
Irregular verbs are also known as strong verbs. Here are nine that are used more often than the rest. These nine
irregular verb examples also happen to be among the most commonly used words in the English language. They are:

Go

Get

Say

See

Think

Make

Take

Come

Know
The following examples show how irregular verbs are used in sentences. Some sentences contain more than one
example.
1. Go get your brother. It’s time to eat dinner.
→ In this example, all three irregular verbs (go, get, and eat) are in base form.
2. I want to build a sand castle like the one we built last year.
→ In this example, the irregular verb build is in base form. The irregular verb built is the past simple form of
“build”. When you look at the complete list of examples, you’ll notice that built is also the past participle of the
irregular verb “build”.
3. He bet me that I couldn’t run five miles without stopping. I proved him wrong; I ranseven miles before
I had to catch my breath.
→ In this example, bet is a past simple form. When you look at the complete list, you will see that all three forms
of “bet” are the same. Next, in the same sentence, the irregular verb run is in base form. In the next sentence, ran
is the past simple form of “run” and had is the past simple form of “have.” Meanwhile, catch is base form.
4. I awoke to find that a spider had bitten me. Although the wound didn’t bleed, it itched terribly.
→ In this example, the irregular verb awoke is the past simple form of “awake.” Bitten is past participle form of
“bite” and bleed is base form.
5. Let’s drink some of this lemonade. I drank some yesterday and found it delicious.
→ In this example, the irregular verb drink is in base form. Drank is the past simple form of “drink,” and found is
the past simple form of “find.”
For more examples, read our complete list of irregular verbs in the English language.
Irregular Verb Exercises
Fill the blank spaces with the appropriate irregular verb.
1. My dog jumped out of the swimming pool and _____________ himself, causing water to spray everywhere.
(shake, shook, shaken)
2. You should have ______________ Trish’s face when she got her surprise. (saw, had seen, seen)
3. We _____________ the whole day lounging on the beach. (spend, spent, had spend)
4. Let’s _____________ a hike on Saturday. (take, took, taken)
5. My brother Mike ______________ his stinky socks on the coffee table. (leave, left, leaving)
6. This is the ninth time that pitcher has _____________ a foul ball (throw, threw, thrown)
7. The water balloon _____________ when it hit its target. (burst, busted, broken)
8. Jesse intentionally ______________ gum in Jeff’s hair. (stick, stuck, sticky)
Answers: 1 – shook, 2 – seen, 3 – spent, 4 – take, 5 – left, 6 – thrown, 7- burst, 8 – stuck
Confusing Verbs
There are many verbs that sound similar and it’s easy to get confused between them. Here is a list of some of the
most common confusing verb pairs, their meanings and examples of how they should be used in a sentence.
Verb
Meaning/ Use
The Verb in Context
borrow
To take a loan
Can I borrow $20 from you please?
lend
To give a loan
I will lend you $20.
say
1. To report someone’s words
1. Did she say anything about me?
2. To ask about how to use a language
2. How do you say “hello” in Spanish?
1. To instruct
1. Tell him to stop the car.
2. To narrate
2. He’s telling a good joke.
tell
Verb
Meaning/ Use
The Verb in Context
do
To carry out activities or tasks
He needs to do his homework.
1. To cause to happen
1. Don’t make him angry.
2. To create or build something
2. Don’t forget to make a list.
make
1. To show ability
can
2. To request (informal)
1. I can contact the company if you would like me
to.
2. Can I help you?
1. To express a possibility
1. I may see you later at the party.
2. To request (polite)
2. May I help you?
may
1. To come into contact with someone
1. He met her for the first time yesterday.
meet
2. To be introduced to someone
2. I will meet you in front of the main building.
3. To arrange to see someone
1. To be familiar with someone
1. I’ve known Sheila for a long time.
2. To understand a fact or truth
2. He knows a lot about geography.
know
waste
To fail to use something valuable in an
effective way
1. Don’t waste your time watching too much TV.
2. Don’t waste water! We don’t have enough of it.
1. To pay out
1. I spent a lot of money at the shop yesterday.
2. To pass time
2. He spends much of his time at the beach.
spend
1. The cat lies in the sun most of the day.
1. To recline or to rest
2. The documents are lying on the table now.
2. To not tell the truth
3. He lay on his bed in pain last night.
lie
4. He lied to me about the money he’d spent.
lay
To put, place or set down
1. He lays his keys on the counter every day.
Verb
Meaning/ Use
The Verb in Context
2. He laid the mail on the table when he came in.
bring
To carry towards someone or somewhere
He brings me flowers every week.
take
To carry away from someone or somewhere
He always takes his brother to hockey games.
adopt
To take or claim as one’s own
They adopted a child from Vietnam last year.
1. John adapted to the weather in the East quite
1. To get used to
quickly.
adapt
2. To change
2. That company adapts and resells the ideas of
others.
1. To get up
1. He rises at 5:00 every morning
2. To go up
2. Gas prices are steadily rising.
raise
to make higher
The government is raising the price of fuel.
emigrate
To leave a country
Joshua emigrated from the UK in 2001.
immigrate
To move to another country
She immigrated to Canada in 2002.
rise
Exercises – Confusing verbs
Choose the correct word from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence as in the example.
1. As a child, I spent each summer in France with my grandmother. (spent/wasted)
1. I have already ____ to the customs in this new country I live in. (adapted / adopted)
2. Ed ______ Suzanne at a single’s party last month. (met / knew)
3. The girls ____ money from their father to buy their mom a gift. (lent / borrowed)
4. My father _______ the American flag on all US holidays. (raises / rises)
5. He’s ________ down because he doesn’t feel well. (laying / lying)
6. Cho left China and _______ to Australia in 1998. (emigrated / immigrated)
7. I don’t know how to do it, but I’m sure the service department ________ help you. (can / may)
8. I hope you will _______ your job well. (make / do)
9. Anna parties every night. It has started _______ her work. (effecting / affecting)
10. Please turn off the lights. We don’t like to _____ energy. (spend / waste)
Answers:
1. adapted
2. met
3. borrowed
4. raises
5. lying
6. immigrated
7. can
8. do
9. affecting
10. waste
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb complements. They may function as subjects or objects in
a sentence.
What are Gerunds?
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a
person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.
Spelling Tip
Verbing (Present Participle)

Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking

For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding

For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying

For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter
before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin > beginning. However: enter > entering(last syllable is not stressed)
Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
1. Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
1. Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
1. I look forward to helping you paint the house.
Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.
Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:
1. Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in meaning:
1. Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.
2. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
1. He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
2. He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)
What are Infinitives?
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the
verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as:
an object following the verb:
1. Jim always forgets to eat
a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
1. To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb:
1. You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun:
1. Tara has the ability to succeed.
Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:
1. Do you want to call your family now?
Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
1. I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.
2. He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in meaning:
1. Will you continue working after you give birth?
2. Will you continue to work after you give birth?
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in meaning:
1. He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
2. He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)
Exercises – Gerunds and Infinitives
Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
1. She likes to get up early in the morning. (likes / dislikes)
1. 1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)
2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)
Answers:
1. riding
2. inviting
3. to fight
4. crying
5. to tie
6. to bake
7. complaining
8. concentrating
9. to join
10. to pick up
Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives
Common verbs and phrases that are followed by a gerund

admit

advise

avoid

be used to

can’t help

can’t stand

consider

deny

discuss

dislike

end up

enjoy

feel like

finish

forget

get used to

give up

go on

have difficulty

have problems

have trouble

imagine

it’s no use

it’s worthwhile

keep

look forward to

mention

mind

miss

recommend

remember

quit

spend time

stop

suggest

understand

waste time

work at
Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in meaning

begin

continue

hate

intend

like

love

prefer

start
Common verbs that can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning

forget

remember

stop
Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive

afford

agree

appear

arrange

ask

care

decide

demand

expect

fail

forget

hope

learn

manage

mean

offer

plan

prepare

pretend

promise

refuse

remember

seem

stop

volunteer

wait

want

wish
Common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive

advise

allow

ask

cause

challenge

command

convince

expect

forbid

force

hire

instruct

invite

order

pay

permit

program

remind

teach

tell

urge

want

warn
Passive Voice
What is the passive voice?
In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an action to an object.
1. Somebody stole my laptop. (subject = Somebody / action(verb) = stole / object = my laptop)
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than
subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what
the subject is.
1. My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen)
1. Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.
2. Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent wines.
1. Passive: Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion.
2. Active: Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb explosion.
The passive agent
When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an agent.
1. Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (agent =Leonardo Da Vinci )
2. Active: Leonaro Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice, when possible. The reason for this is
that when you use the active voice, your writing is clearer and less complicated.
1. Active: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, a police officer pulled him over and gave him a speeding
ticket.
2. Passive: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, he was pulled over and given a ticket by a police
officer.
If it’s a long sentence and you know who the subject is, it’s best to use the active voice.
The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact.
1. Highway 15 was closed yesterday due to a serious road accident.
2. A lot of corn is grown in Iowa.
Forming the passive voice
The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own passive voice which is created by using a form of
the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle)
The passive voice in each tense:
Tense
Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past
participle)
Examples
Present simple
am, is, are + made
Wine is made from grapes.
Many cars are made in Japan.
Present
progressive
am, is, are + being + sent
The document is being sent right now.
I am being sent to work in the London office.
Past simple
was, were + invited
John was invited to speak at the conference.
We were invited to Daniel and Mary’s wedding.
Tense
Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past
participle)
Examples
Past progressive
was, were + being + washed
The dog was being washed when I got home.
Their cars were being washed while they were in the
mall shopping.
Future (will)
will be + signed
The contract will be signed tomorrow.
The documents will all be signed by next week.
Future (going to)
am, is, are + going to be + built
A bridge is going to be built within the next two years.
New houses are going to be built in our neighborhood.
Present perfect
has, have + been + sold
That start-up has been sold for $5 million.
The rights to his book have been sold for $250,000.
Past perfect
had + been + hired
The new manager had been hired before John left the
company.
All the employees had hired before the store opened.
Future perfect
will + have been + finished
The car will have been loaded by the time he gets
home.
The crates will have been loaded by then.
Modals:
can/could
can, could + be + issued
A passport can only be issued at the embassy.
He said the documents could be issued within the
week.
Modal: have to
have to, has to, had to + be+ arranged
A babysitter has to be arranged for this evening.
Joan’s travel plans have to be arranged by December.
Tense
Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past
participle)
Examples
Modal: must
must + be + stopped
Criminals must be stopped before they commit crimes.
All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active voice.
Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put into the passive, such as, arrive, come,
die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.
Passive Voice – Exercises
Fill in the correct passive form of the verb in parentheses.
1. After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
2. The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not pay)
1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
3. Whale’s ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____ due to the storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10. The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the filming is finished. (is/add)
Answers:
1. was discovered
2. are being taken
3. must be protected
4. were catered
5. was stolen
6. Was/made
7. is grown
8. had been cancelled
9. won’t be sent
10. is/added
conclusion
in the base that you read verb is
some thing that all senteces need
and also in this book you read
that verb how to use and also how
to work from verb and in where
we can use what verb and also