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OLYMPUS Pre-Visit Kit THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE Greek Roman • 700 BC – Homer writes The Iliad and The Odyssey • 1200 BC – Trojan Wars • 776 BC – First Olympic Games held • 1500 BC – A volcanic eruption in Thera causes the destruction of the Minoans 2000 BC 1500 BC 1000 BC 900 BC • 753 BC – Rome founded 800 BC 700 BC • 2000 BC – First major civilization in the area begins • 750-700 BC – Votive figurines from the Sanctuary of Zeus • 1550 BC – The first Greek speakers are the Mycenaeans on mainland Greece Minoan Age (2000-1400 BC) Mycenaean Age (1100-600 BC) Named after the legendary King Minos, the Minoan civilization existed on the island of Crete, south of the Greek mainland. This Bronze Age civilization experienced it cultural height from 2000-1400 BC. Based in southern Greece, the Mycenean civilization was marked by cultural achievement and wealth. According to Homer, the Mycenaean civilization was dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War. The Mycenaean culture collapsed due to an unspecified violent conflict throughout the Mediterranean region. Only Athens escaped complete destruction. All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Franz Matsch. The Triumph of Achilles (detail), 1892. Achilleion at Corfu; William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Homer and His Guide (detail), 1874. Milwaukee Art Museum, Layton Art Collection, Gift of Frederick Layton L1888.5. Photo: Larry Sanders; Horse figurine, 750-725 BC. Bronze; Votive figurine, horse, from the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, 650-600 BC. Bronze; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc. Dark Age of Greece Geometric Period (1100-700 BC) The period between the fall of the Mycenean civilizations and the readoption of writing. After the Trojan Wars, the Mycenaeans went through a period of civil war. No one knows why the Mycenean civilization crumbled, but it is speculated that their fall was due to a combination of northern invaders, internal dissent, or uprising and rebellion. OLYMPUS Pre-Visit Kit THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE Greek Roman • 520-510 BC – Plate with Athena and an Owl • 509 BC – Rome becomes a republic ruled by senators • 490-474 BC – Persian War Athens and Sparta defeat the Persians 600 BC • 450 BC – Original for the copy of the Head in the style of the Farnese Hera • 447-432 BC – Parthenon built 500 BC • 550-500 BC – Boeotian B-F Cantharos • 450 BC – Rome enacts the Twelve Tables of law • 538 BC – First performance of a tragedy in Athens • 530 BC – Pythagoras proves the Pythagorean Theorem • 508 BC – Democracy created in Athens (males only) Archaic Period (700-480 BC) Classical Period (480-323 BC) The Archaic period saw advancements in political theory, especially the beginnings of democracy, as well as in culture and art. The knowledge and use of written language lost in the Dark Ages was re-established. In this period Athens reached its greatest political and cultural heights, including democracy, theatre, and architecture. All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Attic red-figure plate with Athena, Oltos Painter, 520-510 BC. Terracotta; Head in the style of “Hera Farnese” (detail), 1st century AD. Marble; Cesare Maccari. Cicero Denounces Catiline, 1889. Palazzo Madama. Rome, Italy; Kylix with Poseidon and sea monsters, Boeotian bowl/cup, c. 550-525 BC. Terracotta; Head of “Dresden Zeus”, 2nd century AD. Marble; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc. • 440-420 BC – Prototype for Head in the style of the Dresden Zeus • 431-404 BC – Peloponnesian War OLYMPUS Pre-Visit Kit THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE Greek Roman • 334-324 BC – Alexander conquers territory to India • 323 BC – Alexander the Great dies and his empire rapidly collapses • 146 BC – Greece becomes part of the Roman Empire • 310 BC – Aristarchos discovers that the universe is heliocentric • 300 BC – Euclid writes the Elements of Geometry 400 BC 300 BC • 388 BC – Plato founds the first university • 312 BC – First aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, built 200 BC • 150-50 BC – Colossal statue made in Egypt • 400-300 BC – Plate of Fruits Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC) Greek civilization had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire. Indeed, some modern scholars see the Roman era as a continuation of the same civilization, which they label Greco-Roman. The Roman conquest carried many features of Greek civilization to far-flung parts of the Mediterranean world and Western Europe. Through the mediation of the Romans, therefore, Greek civilization came to be the founding culture of Western civilization. All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Giuseppe Cades. Alexander the Great Refuses to Take Water (detail), 1792. The State Hermitage Museum; Offering plate with foods, 4th-3rd century BC. Terracotta; Foot of colossal statue, 150-50 BC. Marble; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc. OLYMPUS Pre-Visit Kit THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE Greek Roman • 70-100 AD – Head of a deity • 80 AD – Colosseum built • 48 BC – Julius Caesar becomes the first dictator of Rome • 250 AD – Sarcophagus relief with the abduction of Persephone • 44 BC – Julius Caesar assassinated 100 BC 0 • 30 BC – Romans conquer all of Greece 100 AD 200 AD • 122 AD – Hadrian Wall built by Romans in northern England to keep out “barbarians” • 27 BC – Roman Empire begins when Octavios appoints himself emperor 400 AD • 306 AD – Constantine becomes Emperor and Rome becomes a Christian empire • 395 AD – Rome splits into two empires, east and west Roman Greece (146 BC-393 AD) Romans were impressed by the culture and beauty of the Greek cities. Roman elites desired works of art that evoked Greek culture and to meet this demand, Greek and Roman artists created marble and bronze copies of famous Greek statues. Molds taken from the original sculptures were used to make plaster casts that could be shipped to workshops anywhere in the Roman Empire, where they were then replicated. 300 AD • 150 AD – The ploughman All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Lionel Noel. Vercingetorix Throws Down his Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar (detail), 1899. Musée Crozatier; Head of a male deity (Zeus?) (detail), 70-100 AD. Marble; Sarcophagus relief with the abduction of Proserpina, 3rd century AD. Marble; Group of ploughmn with oxen, 2nd century AD. Marble; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc.