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Including Examiners Comments R2101 PLANT CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Level 2 Monday 8 February 2016 09:30 – 10:50 Written Examination Candidate Number: ………………………………………………………………… Candidate Name: …………………………………………………………………… Centre Number/Name: …………………………………………………………….. IMPORTANT – Please read carefully before commencing: i) The duration of this paper is 80 minutes; ii) ALL questions should be attempted; iii) EACH question carries 10 marks; iv) Write your answers legibly in the lined space provided. It is NOT necessary that all lined space is used in answering the questions; v) Use METRIC measurements only; vi) Use black or blue ink only. Pencil can be used for drawing purposes only; vii) Where plant names are required, they should include genus, species and where appropriate, cultivar; viii) Where a question requires a specific number of answers; only the first answers given that meet the question requirement will be accepted, regardless of the number of answers offered; ix) Please note, when the word ‘distinct’ is used within a question, it means that the items have different characteristics or features. Ofqual Unit Code K/505/2967 Please turn over/….. 1 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS MARKS 2 Q1 a) State what is meant by the binomial system of plant names. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Describe how binomial plant names are written, giving ONE NAMED example. 3 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ c) State FIVE benefits of using botanical plant names compared with using common plant names. 5 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please see over/….. ............................................................................................................................ . 2 ............................................................................................................................ MARKS Q2 a) Label EACH of the following tissues on the diagram below: i) ii) iii) iv) v) 1 1 1 1 1 epidermis; vascular cambium; phloem; cortex; cuticle. T.S. young dicotyledonous stem b) State ONE function for EACH of the tissues named in a). 5 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please turn over/….. ............................................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ MARKS 3 Q3 a) State the products of aerobic respiration. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ 2 b) Name TWO factors which affect the rate of respiration. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ c) Describe the importance of aerobic respiration when storing fruit and vegetables. 5 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please see over/….. 4 MARKS 1 Q4 a) State the main function of leaves. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Describe THREE distinct adaptations of leaves by completing the table below: Name of leaf adaptation Function of adaptation Plant example 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 Total Mark Please turn over/….. 5 MARKS 2 Q5 a) State TWO functions of a flower. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Draw a fully labelled diagram of a flower in the space below. 8 Total Mark Please see over/….. 6 MARKS Q6 a) State what is meant by EACH of the following terms: i) ii) 3 4 diffusion; osmosis. i).......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ii)......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Describe ONE example of diffusion in a plant. 3 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please turn over/….. 7 MARKS 3 Q7 a) State what is meant by the term pollination. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Describe FIVE characteristics of a bee pollinated flower. 5 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ c) Name TWO distinct plant examples of a bee pollinated flower. ............................................................................................................................ 2 Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please see over/….. 8 MARKS 3 Q8 a) Identify THREE functions of a plant root. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) Indicate, on the diagram below, where the following processes take place: i) ii) iii) cell division; cell enlargement; cell differentiation. 1 1 1 LS Young dicotyledonous root tip c) State TWO differences between the roots of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. 4 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please turn over/….. ........................................................................................................................... 9 MARKS 3 Q9 a) Name THREE requirements necessary for photosynthesis. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ b) State how levels of mineral nutrients affect the rate of photosynthesis. 2 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ c) Describe the pathway taken by mineral nutrients in the plant. 5 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Total Mark ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Please see over/….. 10 MARKS Q10a Define EACH of the following plant types: i) ii) iii) iv) 1 1 1 1 shrub; herbaceous; tree; evergreen. i).............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ii)............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ iii)............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ iv)............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ b) Name TWO distinct plant examples for EACH term stated in a): Plant type Plant example 1 Plant example 2 Shrub 2 Herbaceous 2 Evergreen 2 Total Mark ******* 11 ©These questions are the property of the Royal Horticultural Society. They must not be reproduced or sold. The Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB. Charity Registration Number: 222879/SC038262 12 R2101 PLANT CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Level 2 Monday 8 February 2016 Candidates Registered Candidates Entered Candidates Absent/Withdrawn Candidates Deferred 919 778 122 19 84.65% 13.28% 2.07% Total Candidates Passed Passed with Commendation Passed Failed 686 443 243 92 88.17% 56.94% 31.23% 11.83% Senior Examiner’s Comments: 1 Candidates should be able to demonstrate a good range of plant knowledge and be able to give accurately named plant examples where appropriate. Common names and generic names are often too vague and cannot be rewarded in the positive manner that genus, species and where appropriate, variety/cultivar can. This is particularly important when answering questions relating to particular (named) plant(s). Marks can only be awarded for these narratives where the example(s) are correctly and fully identified. 2 Candidates must be able to display accurate knowledge of the technical terms and concepts detailed in the syllabus, in the context of horticulture and also be aware that wider interpretation will not be rewarded. The examination should be regarded as a possible introduction to higher level studies, which will only be open to those who are in possession of a clear understanding of the horticultural terms and concepts which are current. 3 The introductory rubric given on the first page of each question paper should be read carefully by candidates. At each examination there are a significant number of candidates who ignore or misread the instructions given and consequently may not perform as well as they could have done. 13 4 Candidates should pace themselves during each paper. The most successful candidates allow sufficient time to read the question thoroughly before answering it and also take time to read through their answers. They should take care to write as legibly as possible, so that the examiner is in no doubt about what is intended. 5 Candidates need to interpret key words within questions, particularly those such as ‘state’, ‘list’ and ‘describe’. Questions requiring descriptions or explanations obviously require a more detailed answer than those requiring a list. 6 It is important to ensure that responses to questions are to the point. Candidates should bear in mind that small sketches might be used to convey information more succinctly than words. 7 Successful candidates ensure that their answers are focused and to the point. It is disappointing when they cannot be rewarded for their efforts because the answer is irrelevant to the particular question. Candidates should take note of the mark allocation for specific sections and allocate their time and efforts accordingly. 8 Diagrams can enhance an answer and where appropriate can replace detailed descriptions. They should be large, clear and well annotated, ensuring that labels are properly attached to the features they describe. Diagrams should preferably be in pencil. Colour may be used successfully but only where it is relevant to the answer. 9 In each examination it is clear that some candidates are ill prepared to answer papers of the type set. It is essential that candidates have the opportunity to practice questions. Ideally some papers should be answered in a time constrained situation. Appropriate feedback must, in any case be provided. 14 Q1 a) State what is meant by the binomial system of plant names. MARKS 2 b) Describe how binomial plant names are written, giving ONE NAMED example. 3 c) State FIVE benefits of using botanical plant names compared with using common 5 plant names. Q1a) The majority of candidates clearly understood what was meant by the term ‘binomial system of plant names’. Candidates stated that each plant name has two parts (not two names). The first part relates to the genus which the plant belongs to and the second to the species and were awarded full marks. The best candidates understood that the binomial system of plant names is a method of naming plants and not a method of classification. Candidates who gave definitions of genus and species could not be awarded any marks as this was not asked for. Q1b) Full marks were awarded to candidates who correctly wrote a simple binomial and stated that the generic epithet starts with an upper case letter, the specific epithet is written all in lower case letters and the whole plant name is typed in italics or underlined if hand written e.g. Quercus robur or Quercus robur. Q1c) Candidates who gave five distinct benefits of using botanical plant names gained maximum marks. Examples included: The name is unambiguous, consistent, universal and prevents confusion The plant may have more than one common name It is a common language The same common name may be applied to different plants The plant may not have a common name Candidates who provided more than five examples should note the rubric, i.e. only the first answers given that meet the question requirement will be accepted. 15 MARKS Q2 a) Label EACH of the following tissues on the diagram below: i) ii) iii) iv) v) 1 1 1 1 1 epidermis; vascular cambium; phloem; cortex; cuticle. T.S. young dicotyledonous stem b) State ONE function for EACH of the tissues named in a). Q2a) Full marks were awarded to candidates who drew precise lines to the correct parts of the stem. Some candidates labelled additional tissues unnecessarily, while others confused the cuticle, which is the outermost layer with the epidermis beneath it and could not be awarded any marks. Q2b) Candidates were able to gain marks for this section even if labels were incorrectly shown in part a) of the question by stating the function of the tissue listed. Marks were awarded for descriptions of functions rather than the structure of the tissues which was not required. The best candidates provided information about the function rather than just naming it. Suitable examples included: The epidermis protects the inner tissues from damage, pest and disease The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem for lateral or sideways growth or secondary thickening of the stem (rather than for ‘growth’ alone) The phloem transports sugars (rather than just ‘food’ or nutrients/minerals/hormones) The cortex stores starch (rather than ‘food’) or provides packing tissue or provides support through turgor and/or mechanical tissues such as sclerenchyma The cuticle reduces water loss from the stem 16 5 MARKS 3 Q3 a) State the products of aerobic respiration. b) Name TWO factors which affect the rate of respiration. 2 c) Describe the importance of aerobic respiration when storing fruit and vegetables. 5 Q3a) The majority of candidates correctly stated the products of aerobic respiration as carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of heat and ATP and gained full marks. Where candidates gave an equation, marks could only be awarded if the products were indicated. Q3b) Candidates who named the two principle environmental factors affecting the rate of respiration as oxygen and temperature or the type of tissue, organ or stage of growth were awarded full marks. Candidates who gave factors affecting stomatal opening e.g. light and humidity which whilst affecting photosynthesis will not affect the rate of respiration could not be awarded any marks. Q3c) The best answers from candidates clearly linked aerobic respiration and the factors that affect it to storage time for fruit and vegetables. To gain full marks candidates needed to include the following points: Produce continues to respire after harvest and will carry on ripening and eventually senescing To increase storage time the rate of respiration must be decreased Respiration can be decreased by controlling temperature and oxygen supply Changing the composition of the gaseous environment by reducing oxygen, increasing carbon dioxide or adding other gases e.g. nitrogen will also reduce respiration and increase storage life Any method described that could be used for fruit and vegetables e.g. refrigerated storage, storage in sealed plastic packages or controlled atmosphere stores, were awarded marks. 17 MARKS 1 Q4 a) State the main function of leaves. b) Describe THREE distinct adaptations of leaves by completing the table below: Name of leaf adaptation Function of adaptation Plant example 1. 3 2. 3 3. Q4a) 3 Most candidates correctly stated the main function of leaves as photosynthesis and gained full marks. Q4b) A wide range of leaf adaptations were described by candidates who were awarded full marks. Acceptable answers included: Leaf tendrils which enable plants to climb to obtain light for photosynthesis or to place flowers in a better position for pollination e.g. Lathyrus odoratus Colourful bracts for attracting pollinators e.g. Euphorbia pulcherrima Spines which provide protection from herbivores e.g. Opuntia ovata Marks were lost where candidates did not name the adaptation fully, gave insufficient detail of the function or gave incomplete or incorrect plant examples. 18 MARKS 2 Q5 a) State TWO functions of a flower. b) Draw a fully labelled diagram of a flower in the space below. Q5a) The majority of candidates were able to state two functions of a flower e.g. to attract pollinators, producing seed and fruit or sexual reproduction and gained maximum marks. Q5b) Most candidates were able to draw a suitable diagram of a dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous flower. Full marks were awarded to candidates who drew precise lines to, and correctly named eight parts of the flower. Tepals were accepted where a monocotyledonous flower had been drawn i.e. where sepals and petals were absent. Where the carpel was labelled, it was important to show that this is the name given to a combination of a stigma, style and ovary. Similarly the stamen is a combination of an anther and its filament. The corolla is the entire whorl of petals and the calyx is the entire whorl of sepals. Marks were lost where the positions of bracts, sepals, nectaries and receptacle were confused and some candidates incorrectly labelled ovules as ova and pedicels as petioles. 19 8 MARKS Q6 a) State what is meant by EACH of the following terms: i) ii) 3 4 diffusion; osmosis. b) Describe ONE example of diffusion in a plant. Q6a) Candidates who were able to clearly state the meaning of the terms were awarded full marks. Suitable answers included: i) Diffusion is the movement of a substance/molecules/particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration i.e. movement down a concentration gradient. Solutes i.e. substances dissolved in water can also diffuse as can gases. Osmosis is the diffusion specifically of water (not solutes, minerals or nutrients) across a semi or selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water/low solute concentration to an area of low water/high solute concentration. . ii) Candidates who correctly used the term ‘water potential’ were also awarded marks. Q6b) Full marks were gained by candidates who were able to describe an example of diffusion in a plant. Suitable examples included: The loss of water vapour through the leaf stomata in the process of transpiration The movement of carbon dioxide into the leaf and oxygen out of the leaf in photosynthesis and the reverse in respiration 20 3 Q7 a) State what is meant by the term pollination. MARKS 3 b) Describe FIVE characteristics of a bee pollinated flower. 5 c) Name TWO distinct plant examples of a bee pollinated flower. 2 Q7a) Candidates who stated that pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma gained full marks. Candidates who confused pollination with fertilisation could not be awarded any marks. Q7b) The best candidates named and described a range of characteristics of a bee pollinated flower and gained full marks. Acceptable answers included: Q7c) Bee pollinated flowers are brightly coloured with a range of colours e.g. yellow, white, blue but generally not red Bee pollinated flowers have nectaries at the base of the petals which provide food in the form of nectar The petals of bee pollinated flowers have nectar guides which direct the bee to the nectaries The position of the stigma and stamens within the flower and their rigid structure is designed to encourage bees to brush against them The flower design provides a landing platform for bees to access the flower Candidates were awarded full marks for any correct binomial name for a bee pollinated plant e.g. Lavandula officinalis, Digitalis purpurea and Lathyrus odoratus. Named food crops which rely on bees for successful pollination and herbs were also awarded marks. 21 MARKS 3 Q8 a) Identify THREE functions of a plant root. b) Indicate, on the diagram below, where the following processes take place: i) ii) iii) cell division; cell enlargement; cell differentiation. 1 1 1 LS Young dicotyledonous root tip c) State TWO differences between the roots of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Q8a) Anchorage, water uptake and starch storage were correctly identified as functions of plant roots by most candidates who gained full marks. Candidates who identified ‘support’ as a function of a plant root could not be awarded any marks as only prop roots support stems not roots in the soil. Q8b) Candidates who correctly indicated on the diagram where the specific processes take place were awarded maximum marks. i) ii) iii) Q8c) Cell division takes place at the apical meristem just behind the root tip Cell enlargement takes place anywhere between the end of the root cap and the start of the root hair zone Cell differentiation is anywhere between the start of development of xylem and phloem strands and the top of the root hair zone The majority of candidates correctly stated that dicotyledonous plants have both tap root, which is derived from the radicle and fibrous adventitious root systems whereas monocotyledonous plants have only fibrous root systems. Dicotyledonous roots are capable of secondary thickening, becoming woody and have a vascular cambium whereas monocotyledonous roots do not. The arrangement of the root tissues, with dicotyledonous plants having a stele/xylem tissue with few arms and no central pith and monocotyledonous plants having multiple arms in the stele and often a central pith. Candidates who confused stem structure with root structure and described the arrangement of vascular bundles, which are not present in roots could not be awarded any marks. 22 4 Q9 a) Name THREE requirements necessary for photosynthesis. MARKS 3 b) State how levels of mineral nutrients affect the rate of photosynthesis. 2 c) Describe the pathway taken by mineral nutrients in the plant. 5 Q9a) Most candidates were able to name the requirements for photosynthesis i.e. carbon dioxide, water, light and chlorophyll and gained full marks. Although mineral nutrients and temperature can affect photosynthesis they are not essential requirements and could not gain marks. Q9b) The best candidates stated how the level of mineral nutrients was linked to the rate of photosynthesis rather than just stating that they affected it and were awarded full marks. Acceptable answers stated that specific mineral nutrients are required at optimum levels, thus the rate of photosynthesis will be reduced both at low levels and at too high a level. The highest marks were gained by candidates who named any mineral which is involved in photosynthesis and/or chlorophyll production e.g. magnesium, iron or nitrogen and for stating that low levels of some minerals may cause chlorosis in leaves whereas high levels will cause plasmolysis in leaf cells. Q9c) Candidates who clearly described the route taken by mineral nutrients from the soil to plant organs without going into detail about the mechanisms involved or the structure of tissues were awarded maximum marks. Suitable answers described how mineral nutrients pass through or between the root hair cells and the cells of the cortex until they reach the endodermis. Minerals usually cross cell membranes selectively by active transport and are initially transported in the xylem to the shoots. They are then redistributed in the phloem to the parts of the plant where they are required. 23 MARKS Q10a Define EACH of the following plant types: i) ii) iii) iv) 1 1 1 1 shrub; herbaceous; tree; evergreen. b) Name TWO distinct plant examples for EACH term stated in a): Plant type Plant example 1 Plant example 2 Shrub 2 Herbaceous 2 Evergreen 2 Q10a) Most candidates were able to define each of the plant types and gained full marks. Suitable answers included: i) ii) iii) iv) A shrub is a woody plant with multiple stems at ground level Herbaceous plants are non-woody/do not undergo secondary thickening A tree is a woody plant with a single stem/trunk Evergreen plants retain some foliage/leaves all year round Q10b) Candidates who gave full botanical names for plant examples were awarded full marks. Acceptable answers included: Shrub e.g. Rosa rugosa, Cornus alba, Buddleja davidii Herbaceous e.g. Viola x wittrockiana, Echinacea purpurea, Iris germanica Evergreen e.g. Camellia japonica, Pinus sylvestris, Buxus sempervirens ******* 24
