Download When blood glucose rises

BLOOD GLUCOSE
Glucose in the Body
• A Preview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
– The body stores glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle
cells.
– The body uses glucose for energy if glycogen stores are
available.
– If glycogen stores are depleted, the body makes glucose
from protein.
• Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of protein to glucose.
• Protein-sparing action is having adequate carbohydrate in the diet
to prevent the breakdown of protein for energy.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Glucose in the Body
• A Preview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
– Making ketone bodies from fat fragments
• The accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood is called ketosis.
• Ketosis upsets the acid-base balance in the body.
– The body can use glucose to make body fat when
carbohydrates are consumed excessively.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Glucose Homeostasis
Blood contains glucose which is an important source of energy for
the body, including the brain and nervous system.
The glucose in blood must be kept within a normal range for the
body to work properly.
If it rises or falls significantly, the body can usually bring it back to
normal. This process is called homeostasis.
Regulation of glucose by hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers produced in one part of the
body and carried in the blood to cause some action in another
part of the body. Different hormones have different actions.
The level of glucose is regulated by the hormones, insulin and
glucagon, both released by the pancreas.
When blood glucose rises
The amount of glucose in blood increases after a meal. This is
called hyperglycaemia.
Insulin is released from the pancreas and causes the cells in the
body, the liver, muscle and fat tissues in particular, to take up
glucose from the bloodstream.
This reduces the amount of glucose in blood and the pancreas
stops producing insulin. The blood glucose level then falls back to
normal.
When blood glucose falls
As the body takes up the glucose in blood for energy, its level
falls. The pancreas releases glucagon, which has the opposite
effect from insulin. It increases the level of glucose in the blood
by stimulating the liver to release glucose.
Other hormones are also produced when the blood glucose level
falls too low, e.g. adrenaline and cortisol. These help to bring the
level of glucose in the blood back to normal.
Glucose in the Body
• The Constancy of Blood Glucose
– Maintaining Glucose Homeostasis
• Low blood glucose may cause dizziness and weakness.
• High blood glucose may cause fatigue.
• Extreme fluctuations can be fatal.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Glucose in the Body
• The Constancy of Blood Glucose
– The Regulating Hormones
• Insulin moves glucose into the cells and helps to lower blood sugar
levels.
• Glucagon brings glucose out of storage and raises blood sugar
levels.
• Epinephrine acts quickly to bring glucose out of storage during
times of stress.
– Balance glucose within the normal range by eating
balanced meals regularly with adequate complex
carbohydrates.
– Blood glucose can fall outside the normal range with
hypoglycemia or diabetes.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Glucose in the Body
• The Constancy of Blood Glucose
– Diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes is the less common type with no insulin produced
by the body.
• Type 2 diabetes is the more common type where fat cells resist
insulin.
• Prediabetes is blood glucose that is higher than normal but below
the diagnosis of diabetes.
– Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose and can often be
controlled by dietary changes.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Glucose in the Body
• The Constancy of Blood Glucose
– Glycemic response is how quickly the blood glucose rises
and elicits an insulin response.
• Glycemic index classifies foods according to their potential for
raising blood glucose.
• Glycemic load refers to a food’s glycemic index and the amount of
carbohydrate the food contains.
• The benefit of the glycemic index is controversial.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of
Sugars
• Sugar poses no major health problem except
dental caries.
• Excessive intakes may displace nutrients and
contribute to obesity.
• Consuming foods with added sugars should be
limited.
• Naturally occurring sugars from fruits,
vegetables and milk are acceptable sources.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of
Sugars
• Health Effects of Sugars
– Foods with added sugars have sugars listed as a first
ingredient.
– Nutrient deficiencies may develop from the intake of
empty kcalories.
• Just because a substance is natural does not mean it is nutritious.
• Dental caries may be caused by bacteria residing in
dental plaque and the length of time sugars have
contact with the teeth.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of
Sugars
• Controversies Surrounding Sugars
– Excessive sugar intake can contribute to the development
of body fat.
– Sugar may be able to alter blood lipid levels and contribute
to heart disease in some.
– There is no scientific evidence that sugar causes
misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults.
– There is a theory that sugar increases serotonin levels,
which can lead to cravings and addictions.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of
Sugars
• Recommended Intakes of Sugars
– The USDA Food Guide states that added sugars
can be included in the diet as part of discretionary
kcalories.
– Dietary Guidelines state to limit intake of foods
and beverages that are high in added sugars.
– DRI suggest added sugars should contribute no
more than 25% of a day’s total energy intake.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth