Download packet - Ms. Bessette`s English

Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Grammar Terminology Review
Here is a review of the grammar terminology that should have been studied by the sophomore year:
Dependent Clause: A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent
clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause.
ex. Because of the paper, I can’t finish my other homework.
Independent Clause: An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by itself. It does not
need to be joined to any other clauses, because it contains all the information necessary to be a
complete sentences.
ex. The essay was very awkward, but she still gave it a good grade.
Prepositional Phrase: At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition (to, for,
above, etc.) and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
ex. The lonely boy walked into the dark room.
Object of the Preposition: Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To complete the phrase, the
preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition.
ex. The lonely boy walked into the dark room.
Subject: The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something.
ex. The lonely boy walked into the dark room.
Predicate: A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the
sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work.
ex. The lonely boy walked into the dark room. The guitar will be repaired soon.
Direct Object: A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be
nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then
finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula: subject + verb +
who? Or what? = direct object.
ex. She broke the box in two.
Predicate Nominative (a.k.a. Predicate Noun): A predicate noun is a single noun or a noun phrase that
renames the subject of a sentence and follows a form of the verb “to be” or another linking verb.
ex. Martha is a teacher.
Predicate Adjective: follows a linking verb and tells us something about the subject.
ex. Martha is angry.
Participial Phrase: A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is
present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed.
Irregular past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways.
ex. The bike, rusted in several places, was ready to be discarded.
Appositive Phrase: An appositive is a word placed after another word to explain or identify it. The
appositive always appears after the word it explains or identifies. It is always a noun or a pronoun, and
the word it explains is also a noun or pronoun.
ex. My mother, the woman with the angry look, walked into the room.
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Grammar Review #1
Dependent Clause/Independent Clause/Prepositional Phrase/Object of the Preposition
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Note whether the following clauses are dependent or independent. (Write D or I)
Remember: an independent clause can function as a sentence on its own.
1. Because of the apples
2. I went to the store
3. The frogs jumped
4. Into the pond
5. You are my sunshine
6. My only sunshine
Write an independent clause: _________________________________________
Write a dependent clause: ____________________________________________
Circle all the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.
1. After the movie the group of teenagers went to McDonalds for a burger.
2. Without sugar the blueberries were too sour for the dinner guests.
3. Sally worked from midnight to noon on her science project.
4. Over the river and through the woods to grandmother’s house we go.
5. He ate three boxes of popcorn with butter during the movie.
6. Despite his fear of water Jack saved the drowning puppy.
Now, go back and underline the objects of each preposition.
Write two of your own prepositional phrases, then circle the objects of the preposition:
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Grammar Review #2
Subject/Predicate/Direct Object/Predicate Nominative/Predicate Adjective
What Is a Direct Object?
The direct object of a verb is the thing being acted upon (i.e., the receiver of the action).
Examples of Direct Objects
Here are some examples of direct objects (bolded):
● Play the guitar.
● Every actor played his part.
● The crowd will cheer the President.
● We can climb the hill and fly the kite.
How to Find the Direct Object of a Sentence
You can find the direct object by finding the verb and asking what? (or whom?). For
example:
She fed the cat.
(Step 1. Find the verb = fed)
(Step 2. Ask What? = the cat)
(Therefore, the direct object is the cat.)
Craig will read the book tomorrow.
(Step 1. Find the verb = will read)
(Step 2. Ask What? = the book)
(Therefore, the direct object is the book.)
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
For each sentence, first cross out any prepositional phrases. Next, note the subject, the
predicate, and the direct object (if applicable).
1. After I give my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me with her sticky tongue.
2. The football player changed his clothes and took a shower.
3. Because David was always eating her food, Theresa sneaked corn chips and candy bars into her
room and hid them in the clothes hamper.
4. The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship.
5. During the game, Ms. Bessette enjoyed a platter of nachos.
6. The little girl played the piano and sang a song.
Now, go back and note whether the predicate includes a noun or an adjective. (These are
predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.)
Write two of your own sentences with direct objects. Note the subject, predicate, and
direct objects of each sentence:
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
Grammar Review #3
Participial Phrase/Appositive Phrase
Participial Phrases
A participle is a verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns. Participles can add
vigor to our writing as they add information to our sentences.
My father's hair, streaked with gray and receding on both sides, is combed straight back to his
collar.
● streaked is a past participle, formed by adding -ed to the present form of the verb ("streak");
● receding is a present participle, formed by adding -ing to the verb ("recede").
A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will
dependably end in -ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent -ed. Irregular past
participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways.
ex. The bike, rusted in several places, was ready to be discarded.
Rusted in several places modifies the noun bike.
Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence. Read these
examples:
1.
The horse trotting up to the fence hopes that you have an apple or carrot.
Participial Phrase: ___________________________________
Modifies: ________________________
2.
The water drained slowly in the pipe clogged with dog hair.
Participial Phrase: ___________________________________
Modifies: ________________________
3.
Eaten by mosquitoes, we wished that we had made hotel, not campsite, reservations.
Participial Phrase: ___________________________________
Modifies: ________________________
Directions: Write two sentences using at least one participial phrase in each.
1.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Literary Heritage (A)
Ms. Bessette
2.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can
be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples:
The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is
across the kitchen table.
crawling
Directions: Underline the appositive phrase in the sentences below. Then, circle the noun that is
being modified.
1. During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed
potatoes like an erupting volcano.
2. My 286 computer, a modern-day dinosaur, chews floppy disks as noisily as my brother does
peanut brittle.
3. Genette's bedroom desk, the biggest disaster area in the house, is a collection of overdue library
books, dirty plates, computer components, old mail, cat hair, and empty potato chip bags.
Directions: Write two sentences below using an appositive phrase in each.
1. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________