Download Introduction to Psychological Disorders

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Introduction to Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 47
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___________________________________ Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ Introduction to Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ƒ Defining Psychological Disorders
ƒ Understanding Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ ƒ Classifying Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ ƒ Labeling Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ ƒ Rates of Psychological Disorders
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 47 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
___________________________________ Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ I felt the need to clean my room … spent four to five hours at it … At the time I loved it but then didnʹt want to do it any more, but could not stop … The clothes hung … two fingers apart …I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house … I had constant anxiety … I thought I might be nuts.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive‐compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
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___________________________________ Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, the abnormal. This fascination can be due to two reasons:
1.
During various moments we feel, think and act like an abnormal individual.
2.
Psychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts.
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___________________________________ Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.
___________________________________ William James (1842‐1910)
1.
There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).
2.
Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world.
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OBJECTIVE 47‐1| Identify criteria for judging Defining Psychological Disorders
whether behavior is psychologically disordered. Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings and action.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).
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___________________________________ Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Carol Beckwith
1. Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal while in others leads to arrest.
2. Deviant behavior must accompany distress.
3. If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder.
___________________________________ In Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal.
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OBJECTIVE 47‐2| Contrast the medical model Understanding Psychological Disorders
of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial perspective on disordered Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, and transfused with animal’s blood.
behavior. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ John W. Verano
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
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___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 47 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
___________________________________ Medical Perspective
___________________________________ Philippe Pinel (1745‐1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession but an ailment of the mind.
George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, 1907. © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago
Dance in the madhouse.
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___________________________________ Medical Model
___________________________________ When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, the medical model started looking at physical causes of these disorders.
1.
2.
3.
4.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Etiology: Causation and development of the disorder.
Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.
Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.
Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.
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___________________________________ Biopsychosocial Perspective
___________________________________ Assumes that biological, socio‐cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 47 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
OBJECTIVE 47‐3| Describe the goals and Classifying Psychological Disorders
content of the DSM‐IV‐TR. ___________________________________ American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Most recent edition, DSM‐IV‐TR (Text Revision, 2000) describe 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.
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___________________________________ Multiaxial Classification
___________________________________ Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
___________________________________ Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
___________________________________ Axis III
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
___________________________________ Axis IV
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
___________________________________ Axis I
Axis II
___________________________________ What is the Global Assessment of the person’s Axis V functioning?
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___________________________________ Multiaxial Classification
___________________________________ Note 16 syndromes in Axis I
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 47 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
___________________________________ Multiaxial Classification
___________________________________ Note Global Assessment for Axis V
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___________________________________ Goals of DSM
1.
2.
___________________________________ Describe (400) disorders.
Indicate how prevalent the disorder is.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Disorders outlined by DSM‐IV‐TR are reliable thus diagnosis by different professional are similar.
Others criticize DSM‐IV‐TR for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
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OBJECTIVE 47‐4| Discuss the potential Labeling Psychological Disorders
dangers and benefits of using diagnostic labels. 1. Critics of the DSM‐IV‐TR argue that labels can stigmatize individuals.
___________________________________ Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and
N. Tomes, Madness in America, 1995. Cornell University Press.
___________________________________ Asylum baseball team (labeling)
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 47 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
___________________________________ Labeling Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ 2. Labels can be helpful for health care professionals, communicating with one another and establishing therapy.
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___________________________________ Labeling Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ 3. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions
about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Elaine Thompson/ AP Photo
Theodore Kaczynski
(Unabomber) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20
OBJECTIVE 47‐5| Discuss the prevalence of Rates of Psychological Disorders
psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 21
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___________________________________ Rates of Psychological Disorders
___________________________________ Prevalence of psychological disorders during previous year (WHO, 2004).
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___________________________________ Risk and Protective Factors
___________________________________ Risk and protective factors for mental disorders (WHO, 2004).
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___________________________________ Risk and Protective Factors
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