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Download Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy
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Name__________________________________J# _______ Energy Transfer (Conversion) TESTABLE QUESTION By applying mechanical energy to sand, can you change the overall temperature of sand (thermal energy)? RESEARCH/BACKGROUND The ability to do work is called energy. Work, therefore, occurs when energy is changed from one form to another. There are many forms of energy. Mechanical energy, as you know is the energy associated with the motion (kinetic) or position (potential) of an object. The terms kinetic and potential, when written or stated simply as kinetic and/or potential, the reference is to mechanical energy. Therefore, if you see the words potential or kinetic alone, without the energy type written with it, you can assume it is referring to mechanical energy. It is important to understand that all other types of energy involve potential and kinetic energy also. However, when written in reference to another form of energy (chemical, thermal, electrical, electromagnetic, or nuclear), it will be clear. For example, the chemical potential energy in food is what gives us the ability to do work. Chemical energy is stored (potential) in the bonds of molecules (atoms), such as in the foods we eat, batteries, or any kind of fuel (coal, oil, gas, wood). Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the particles of an object (heat), such as melting ice cream due to the hot air. Temperature is a measure of the amount of kinetic molecular movement. Thermal energy is transferred in 3 ways: Radiation, Convection, and Conduction *see your Cornell notes! Electrical energy is the energy of electrical charges (kinetic-movement of electrons), such as the energy from electrical lines, or lightning. Electromagnetic energy travels (kinetic) in waves. These waves have some electrical properties and some magnetic properties. Examples, in increasing order of amounts of energy are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, sunlight (or visible light), ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays Nuclear energy is energy stored (potential) in the nucleus of an atom. It is released with either the atoms split (nuclear fission—used in nuclear power plants) or the atoms come together or fuse (nuclear fusion—what occurs in the sun and other stars releasing tremendous amounts of energy). Any form of energy can be changed into any other form. This change is known as an energy conversion. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy, therefore, is the same before and after an energy conversion; however, the amount of useful energy decreases (there is some wasted or exerted on outside factors). HYPOTHESIS Make a statement that answers the testable question above. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ MATERIALS 16 z plastic bottle with lid plastic funnel Celsius thermometer fine dry sand (approx. 500 mL) tray or tub to collect sand spills goggles calculator colored pencils for graph PROCEDURE—Partner up 1. Using the funnel, fill the plastic bottle ½ full with sand. Do this over a tray or tub to minimize the amount of spillage. 2. Carefully place the bulb of the thermometer in the sand (about an inch or 2.5 centimeters). 3. Wait two minutes; then measure the temperature of the sand and record it in the data table. 4. Cap the bottle tightly and shake it vigorously for exactly five minutes. If you get tired, pass it around to your lab partner to take turns. 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3. 6. Get new sand in the bottle and repeat steps #1-5 for two more trials. 7. **Honors---While you are shaking, complete the additional data table (attached)—Celsius/Fahrenheit conversions. SAFETY CONCERNS Wear goggles. Clean up any spills; sand can make the floor very slippery. If sand gets in your eyes, inform me!!! Use caution to avoid injuries. OBSERVATIONS/GATHER DATA Average (mean value) = (T1+T2+T3)÷3 Uncertainty= (Highest Trial-Lowest Trial)÷2 *How off could you be or uncertain are you? True Value Range = Average – Uncertainty (bottom range) and Average + Uncertainty (top range) *Your precise value lies within this range. Human error contributes to this. Shake Times Trial 1 oC Trial 2 oC Trial 3 oC Temperature (degrees C) Average Uncertainty oC oC True Value Range oC Start __ After five minutes of shaking __ ANALYZE DATA /GRAPH Make a graph for the averages…(is this continuous data or is the data you are collecting discrete?) Graph type___________ *Don’t forget your graph title, axis titles, units, and BE NEAT! CONCLUSIONS 1. Write a Conclusion. Purpose, hypothesis, supported? data, relationship…. __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What was your test variable? ___________________________________________________ Outcome variable? __________________________________________________________ 3. What did you hold constant to make sure your test was a valid one (only ONE test variable)? ____________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ EVALUATION/ANALYSIS 1. Do you think that changing the amount of sand used change the results? Why or why not? _____________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you think that changing the size of the container used change the results? Why or why not? _________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. This experiment showed a transfer of energy. Show with a flow chart the transfer of energy from one type to another that occurred here. Place the event that took place in the boxes and the energy type on the lines below. Arm Moving Back and Forth 4. Did all of the first type of energy you applied to the sand transfer to the second type of energy you measured? Meaning….was any energy wasted? Why or why not? Explain. ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What happened to the heat contained in the sand when you dumped it back in the bin? *Think heat transfer. _______________________________________________________________________________________ **Be sure you include a title, x-axis, y-axis, legend (if needed), and all units of measure. Honors Only While you are shaking…… Convert your start temperature and temperature after 5 minutes (ending temperature) for ALL trials, averages, uncertainties, and ranges from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit using the following formula: F = 9/5 C + 32 OR F = (C x 1.8) + 32 Temperature (degrees F) Trial 1 0F Trial 2 0F Trial 3 0F Average 0F Uncertainty 0F True Value Range 0F Start __ After 5 minutes of shaking __ Also, while you shake the sand…..Try these!!! You may need this….. C = 5/9 (F-32) F = 9/5 C + 32 OR C = (F-32) 1.8 F = (C x 1.8)+32 1. A hot tub is 104 F. C= ______ 2. My drinking water is 72 F. C= ______ 3. My house is 26 C. F = ______ 4. I cooked my pizza at 232 C. F = ______ 5. My soup burnt my mouth. It was 110 C. F = ______ 6. My pool is 88 F. C= ______ 7. My soda is 48 F. C= ______ 8. If my ice tea is 33 C, is it going to be refreshing? ______ F= _______