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Why is it difficult to control leishmaniases? 1. Leishmaniases can be spread to humans from animals 2. There is NO preventative treatment or vaccines 3. Drug treatment: • long lasting, expensive, with potentially severe side effects • Increasing drug resistance Environment - CURRENT METHODS OF CONTROL Vector control (sand fly) Changes in environment Human and animal migration Individual - Insect repellents - Protective clothing - living conditions Sand fly trap How can human activities spread the disease? deforestation change in land use new endemic area Precautions to take when going to a country with leishmaniases? • Be informed about the risk • Avoid contact with sand flies sand flies bite from dusk to dawn – try to stay indoors at these times Sand flies live in areas close forests and animal houses • Use insect repellent on exposed skin • Wear protective clothing when exposed • Use window screens and bed nets (> 30 holes per linear inch)