Download ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri Inglese

ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese Scientifico
Use A or AN:
1. I slept on _AN_ airbed.
2. She gave me _A_ hair.
3. He is _AN_ heir to the throne.
4. I boarded _AN_ airplane yesterday.
5. I saw _A_ hairy beast.
6. He has _A_ hoarse voice.
7. He dug the ground using _A_ hoe.
8. He is _AN_ honest man.
9. I was stung by _A_ honeybee.
10. It was _AN_ honour to meet her.
11. I did not have _A_ hope in Hell.
12. It was _A_ hot day.
13. We stayed in _A_ hotel in London.
14. I had to wait for over _AN_ hour.
15. There is _A_ house on the corner.
16. He timed me using _AN_ hourglass.
17. It was _A_ hybrid mouse.
18. I saw _A_ hydrogen balloon.
19. We sang _A_ hymn.
20. He is _A_ hypocrite.
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese Scientifico
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese Scientifico
Months of the year
Month
Short form
Date
UK date
January
Jan
2nd January, 2012
2.1.12
th
February
Feb
13
March
Mar
23rd March
23.3.12
April
April (Apr)
30th April
30.4.12
rd
February
May
May
3
June
June (Jun)
10th June
10.6.12
July
July (Jul)
26th July
26.7.12
August
Aug
4
th
May
12.3.12
3.5.12
August
4.8.12
st
September
Sept
1 September
1.9.12
October
Oct
5th October
5.10.12
November
December
th
Nov
25
Dec
th
7
November
December
25.11.12
7.12.12
NOTE:
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th
First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth
Date (formal)
Date (informal)
Name of day
Date (short)
24th December
Christmas Eve
24.12.12
UK English
24 December
25
th
December
Christmas Day
25.12.12
26 December
26
th
December
Boxing Day
26.12.12
31 December
31st December
New Year’s Eve
31.12.12
1 January
New Year’s Day
1.1.13
December 24
December 24th
Christmas Eve
12.24.12
December 25
December 25th
Christmas Day
12.25.12
December 26
December 26
th
Boxing Day
12.26.12
December 31
December 31st
New Year’s Eve
12.31.12
January 1
Jan 1st
New Year’s Day
1.1.13
25 December
1 January
st
US English
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese Scientifico
(to accompany the DVD of Body Worlds)
The cardiovascular system
Oxygen is distributed throughout the body in the blood stream by the heart. The heart is a
hollow muscular organ, which keeps the blood stream constantly flowing. It pumps around
70 millilitres of blood per beat, around 70 times per minute at rest, and when exercising or
running, even faster. In a human life comprising 75 years, that makes roughly 2.5 billion
heart beats.
When a heart is opened longitudinally, we can look into all of its chambers. Here we can see
the muscular left ventricle, next to it, the right ventricle, and the two upper chambers, or
atria, above. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body’s circulatory system, the right one
pumps it to the lungs. Cusp-like atrio-ventricular valves extend between the ventricles
and the atria to prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. In this heart, the mitral
valve has been replaced with an artificial valve.
The heart and the blood vessels comprise the cardiovascular system. It ensures the
transportation of oxygen, as well as vital nutrients and hormones to the individual organs, and
also the removal of waste materials. The network of blood vessels is exceptionally dense. If
all of the blood vessels in a single human body were laid end to end, they would wrap around
the equator twice.
The blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium are called coronary
vessels. Here the left coronary artery has been dyed yellow, and the right one red. Should
the flow of blood in an artery be interrupted, the muscle fibres affected will no longer be
supplied with blood, and will die. This is called an infarct, or heart attack. The necrotic
muscle cells will gradually be replaced by a scar made up of connective tissue, as can be
seen here in the apex of the heart. The wall of the heart in the affected area is substantially
thinner and appears whitish. With a fresh heart attack, the wall of the heart can also tear, as
can be seen in this cross-section. In such cases a significant amount of blood can escape into
the pericardium, which then increasingly compresses the heart, thereby causing the victim
to die.
Here we can see an abdominal aorta. It has been cut open to show the inner wall. It has a
smooth surface, while the tiny holes are from smaller arteries that are branching off. The
artery stems from a younger person. By contrast, this abdominal artery displays a severe
case of arterial sclerosis, and there are artificial vessels in the region of the iliac arteries.
The high internal pressure inside this aorta has led to a massive dilation of the vessel’s
damaged wall at several points. These sacculations are call aneurisms. Aneurisms generally
have thin walls, and are filled with clotted blood. Should the wall tear, it can cause fatal
haemorrhaging within a few seconds.
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese Scientifico
(to accompany the DVD of Body Worlds)
The cardiovascular system
Listen to and watch the DVD and answer the following questions:
1. The heart is the main organ of what system?
A. The respiratory system.
C. The cardiovascular system.
B. The digestive system.
D. The nervous system.
2. How much blood gets pumped around the body per beat of the heart?
A. About 50 ml.
C. About 70 ml.
B. About 60 ml.
D. About 80 ml.
3. Over what sort of period of a human life will the heart beat for around 2.5 billion times?
A. About 50 years.
C. About 75 years.
B. About 60 years.
D. About 100 years.
4. Inside the heart, what is the largest, most muscular chamber called?
A. The right atrium.
C. The right ventricle.
B. The left atrium.
D. The left ventricle.
5. If you took all of the blood vessels on the human body and put them end-to-end, how many
times would they go around the equator of the Earth?
A. Once (one time).
C. Twice (two times).
B. One and a half times.
D. Two and a half times.
6. What are the blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the myocardium called?
A. The arterioles.
C. The veins.
B. The coronary vessels.
D. The venae cavae.
7. What is the space directly around the heart called?
A. The pericardium.
C. The lungs.
B. The thorax.
D. The left ventricle.
8. A weakened aorta can contain many areas of dilations or swellings in the artery wall. What
are these called?
A. Haematomas.
C. Aneurisms.
B. Blood clots.
D. Bladders.
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese scientifico
The skeleton
The bones of the skeleton
1: Skull
2: Maxilla
3: Cervical vertebrae
4: Scapula
5: Sternum
6: Thoracic vertebrae
7: Ulna
8: Radius
9: Phalanges
10: Femur
11: Tibia
12: Fibula
13: Metatarsals
14: Mandible
15: Clavicle/ collar bone
16: Ribs
17: Humerus
18: Lumbar vertebrae
19: Ilium
20: Sacrum
21: Metacarpals
22: Carpals
23: Coccyx
24: Patella
25: Tarsals
26: Phalanges
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese scientifico
The electrocardiogram (ECG): The normal sinus rythm
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese scientifico
The 12-lead ECG
RA
On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle.
LA
In the same location where RA was placed, but on the left arm.
RL
On the right leg, lateral calf muscle.
LL
In the same location where RL was placed, but on the left leg.
V1
In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the right of the
sternum (breastbone).
V2
In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the left of the
sternum.
V3
Between leads V2 and V4.
V4
In the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6) in the mid-clavicular line.
V5
Horizontally even with V4, in the left anterior axillary line.
V6
Horizontally even with V4 and V5 in the midaxillary line.
ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016-17: I ANNO – infermieri
Inglese scientifico
Analysis of an electrocardiogram (ECG)
P wave
Atrial depolarisation
<80 ms
PR interval
(from start of P to start of QRS)
PR segment
(from end of P to start of QRS)
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarisation
80-100 ms
T wave
Ventricular repolarisation
160 ms
ST segment
(from end of QRS to start of T)
QT interval
(from start of QRS to end of T)
U wave
Papillary muscle repolarisation
120-200 ms
<440 ms