Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
2/28/2014 EDU501: LECTURE 7 SOCIAL LEARNING /SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Social learning and Social cognitive theories ¾Grounded from principles of reinforcement and punishment ¾Social influences: Observation ¾Children observe, than imitate the behavior they have observed. ¾Observational learning – learning by observing other individuals THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT • The Bobo Doll Experiment was performed in 1961 by Albert Bandura, to try and add credence to his belief that all human behavior was learned learned, through social imitation and copying, rather than inherited through genetic factors. For this purpose, Bandura designed the Bobo Doll Experiment to try and prove that children would copy an adult role model’s behavior. He wanted to show, by using aggressive and non-aggressive actors, that a child would tend to imitate and learn from the behavior of a trusted adult. The Bobo doll is an inflatable toy about five feet tall, d i designed d tto spring i b back k upright i ht when h kknocked k d over. Children were chosen as subjects for the study, because they have less social conditioning; they have also had less instruction and teaching of the rules of society than adult subjects Read more: http://www.experiment-resources.com/bobo-dollexperiment.html#ixzz0R21ah9Sy THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT RESULTS The results for the Bobo Doll Experiment showed, as expected by prediction one, that children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to show imitative aggressive behavior themselves. Prediction four was proved correct in that boys were nearly three times more likely to replicate physically violent behavior than girls. 1 2/28/2014 • Bandura found that girls were much less likely to be physically violent, but were equally as prone to verbal aggression as boys. This is something often encountered in society, where bullying at school, by boys, is more often of a physical nature; intimidation amongst girls tends to be more verbal and social. • From this experiment, Bandura formulated his Social Learning Theory He proposed three main facets: • 1. Our learning is a function of observation 2. We learn to imitate by receiving reinforcement (from others & from ourselves) 3. Imitation can be explained in terms of operant conditioning principles • Aggression is a learned behaviour, not an in-built instinct Learning can take place in absence of any reinforcement, reinforcement only via observation and modelling Modelling is a powerful and fast way of learning Implications for parents and teachers, HOW DOES LEARNING OCCUR THROUGH OBSERVATION? 1. An observer can learn new behavior from observing a model 2. Facilitating already learned behavior 3 Inhibiting 3. I hibiti ((restrain) t i ) or di disinhibiting i hibiti (allow)already learned behavior From this understanding:- We can say that: cognitive development is influenced by our observation of others in the environment MODEL CHARACTERISTICS • • • • • Attractiveness Social power (reward or punishment) Status (perceived importance) Competence Nurturance (perceived concern for thee observer) • Interaction level with the observer • Similarity ( sex, age, interests between observer and the model) • (McINERNEY & McINERNEY pg 123) ¾Four processes governing observational learning: 1. Attention 2. Retaining information or impressions g behaviors 3. Producing 4. Motivation 2 2/28/2014 A SOCIAL-LEARNING ANALYSIS of OBSERVATIONAL BEHAVIOUR 1. Attention – without attention there can be no learning the student must first pay attention to the model. We tend to pay attention to those individuals who share similar attributes to us. E.g. We are more likely to select and pay attention to someone who is from: • The ethnic group • Age • Sex • Gender • High status in society Students pay attention to teachers who are: confidence successful ‘practice what he preaches preaches’ RETENSION will be higher if students are motivated to Learn what they are observing Well organized • Multi-skilled • Intelligent Provides solutions and not add to the problem A good deal of what students learn in schools they learn from watching their teachers 2. Retention – the process of remembering what has been seen and storing it in memory. • the observer (student) must be able to remember • the behavior that has been observed. One way of increasing this is using the technique of rehearsal. 4. Motivation and Reinforcement • We may acquire new skill through observation, but may not perform it until there is motivation or incentives to do so. Learners must want to demonstrate what they have learned. • We W d do thi this b by offering ff i 3 ttypes off reinforcements: i f t – Direct reinforcement – Vicarious reinforcement – Self reinforcement 3. Reproduction Phase – the process by which a person physically acts out the behavior they have remembered. • Corrective feedback for p g wanted behavior shaping - strong feedback for subsequent behavior Types of reinforcement 1. Direct reinforcement - involves a person promising us an incentive or giving us a reward for doing something. E.g. a teacher giving a student a lolly for completing a task 2. Vicarious reinforcement – involves us observing someone else being reinforced for acting out a behaviour that is desirable. In future, we will also want to act out that behaviour. 3. Self-reinforcement – involves us reinforcing ourselves. E.g. I might say to myself: ‘I will buy a new bula shirt if I can pass my next test’ 3 2/28/2014 What type of reinforcement is this? Educational implications of social learning theory 1. Describing what the consequences of behavior can effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones, 2. Teachers should expose students to a variety of models 4 Teachers and parents must model appropriate 4. behaviors 5. Teachers should help students set realistic expectations for their academic .accomplishments. 6. COGNITIVE MODELLING – Teacher models cognitive process to make the thinking visible for the learner. e.g. –teacher solves math's problem on the board and thinks aloud while doing so. IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING • NOTE- Teachers are highly influential models in est. and maintaining students’ attitudes towards their studies • Children can learn attitudes ttit d towards t d school: cheerfulness, enthusiasm, patience, fairness, consistency and optimism. If teachers fail to display these qualities, they are unlikely to see them in their students • YOU ARE BEING WATCHED BY YOUR STUDENTS, PARENTS & MEMEBERS OF THE COMMUNITY!! CONCLUSION 1. Students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people including TEACHERS 2. Describing the consequences of behavior can effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones ones. This can involve discussing with learners about the rewards and consequences of various behaviors. 3. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors 4