Download EDU501: LECTURE 7

2/28/2014
EDU501: LECTURE 7
SOCIAL LEARNING /SOCIAL COGNITIVE
LEARNING THEORY
Social learning and Social cognitive
theories
¾Grounded from principles of
reinforcement and punishment
¾Social influences: Observation
¾Children observe, than imitate the
behavior they have observed.
¾Observational learning – learning by
observing other individuals
THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT
• The Bobo Doll Experiment was performed
in 1961 by Albert Bandura, to try and add
credence to his belief that all human
behavior was learned
learned, through social
imitation and copying, rather than inherited
through genetic factors.
For this purpose, Bandura designed the Bobo Doll
Experiment to try and prove that children would copy
an adult role model’s behavior. He wanted to show, by
using aggressive and non-aggressive actors, that a
child would tend to imitate and learn from the behavior
of a trusted adult.
The Bobo doll is an inflatable toy about five feet tall,
d i
designed
d tto spring
i b
back
k upright
i ht when
h kknocked
k d over.
Children were chosen as subjects for the study, because
they have less social conditioning; they have also had less
instruction and teaching of the rules of society than adult
subjects
Read more: http://www.experiment-resources.com/bobo-dollexperiment.html#ixzz0R21ah9Sy
THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
The results for the Bobo Doll Experiment showed,
as expected by prediction one, that children who
were exposed to the aggressive model were
more likely to show imitative aggressive
behavior themselves.
Prediction four was proved correct in that boys
were nearly three times more likely to replicate
physically violent behavior than girls.
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• Bandura found that girls were much
less likely to be physically violent, but
were equally as prone to verbal
aggression as boys.
This is something often encountered in
society, where bullying at school, by boys,
is more often of a physical nature;
intimidation amongst girls tends to be
more verbal and social.
•
From this experiment, Bandura formulated his
Social Learning Theory
He proposed three main facets:
•
1. Our learning is a function of observation
2. We learn to imitate by receiving reinforcement
(from others & from ourselves)
3. Imitation can be explained in terms of operant
conditioning principles
•
ƒ Aggression is a learned behaviour, not an
in-built instinct
ƒ Learning can take place in absence of
any reinforcement,
reinforcement only via observation
and modelling
ƒ Modelling is a powerful and fast way of
learning
Implications for parents and teachers,
HOW DOES LEARNING OCCUR
THROUGH OBSERVATION?
1. An observer can learn new behavior from
observing a model
2. Facilitating already learned behavior
3 Inhibiting
3.
I hibiti ((restrain)
t i ) or di
disinhibiting
i hibiti
(allow)already learned behavior
From this understanding:- We can say that:
cognitive development is influenced by our
observation of others in the environment
MODEL CHARACTERISTICS
•
•
•
•
•
Attractiveness
Social power (reward or punishment)
Status (perceived importance)
Competence
Nurturance (perceived concern for thee
observer)
• Interaction level with the observer
• Similarity ( sex, age, interests between
observer and the model)
• (McINERNEY & McINERNEY pg 123)
¾Four processes governing observational
learning:
1. Attention
2. Retaining information or impressions
g behaviors
3. Producing
4. Motivation
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A SOCIAL-LEARNING ANALYSIS of OBSERVATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
1. Attention – without attention there can be no learning
the student must first pay attention to the model.
We tend to pay attention to those individuals who share similar attributes
to us. E.g. We are more likely to select and pay attention to someone
who is from:
• The ethnic group
• Age
• Sex
• Gender
• High status in society
Students pay attention to teachers who are:
confidence
successful
‘practice what
he preaches
preaches’
RETENSION will be higher if
students are motivated to
Learn what they are observing
Well organized
• Multi-skilled
• Intelligent
Provides solutions and not add to the problem
A good deal of what students learn in schools they learn from
watching their teachers
2. Retention – the process of
remembering what has
been seen and storing it in
memory.
• the observer (student)
must be able to
remember
• the behavior that has
been observed. One way
of increasing this is using
the technique of
rehearsal.
4. Motivation and Reinforcement • We may acquire new skill through observation, but
may not perform it until there is motivation or
incentives to do so. Learners must want to
demonstrate what they have learned.
• We
W d
do thi
this b
by offering
ff i 3 ttypes off reinforcements:
i f
t
– Direct reinforcement
– Vicarious reinforcement
– Self reinforcement
3. Reproduction Phase – the
process by which a person
physically acts out the
behavior they have
remembered.
• Corrective feedback for
p g wanted behavior
shaping
- strong feedback for
subsequent behavior
Types of reinforcement
1. Direct reinforcement - involves a person
promising us an incentive or giving us a reward for
doing something. E.g. a teacher giving a student a
lolly for completing a task
2. Vicarious reinforcement – involves us observing
someone else being reinforced for acting out a
behaviour that is desirable. In future, we will also
want to act out that behaviour.
3. Self-reinforcement – involves us reinforcing
ourselves. E.g. I might say to myself: ‘I will buy a
new bula shirt if I can pass my next test’
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What type of reinforcement is this?
Educational implications of social learning
theory
1.
Describing what the consequences of behavior can
effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and
decrease inappropriate ones,
2. Teachers should expose students to a variety of models
4 Teachers and parents must model appropriate
4.
behaviors
5. Teachers should help students set realistic
expectations for their academic .accomplishments.
6. COGNITIVE MODELLING – Teacher models
cognitive process to make the thinking visible for
the learner.
e.g. –teacher solves math's problem on the board and
thinks aloud while doing so.
IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING
• NOTE- Teachers are
highly influential
models in est. and
maintaining students’
attitudes towards their
studies
• Children can learn
attitudes
ttit d towards
t
d
school: cheerfulness,
enthusiasm, patience,
fairness, consistency
and optimism. If
teachers fail to display
these qualities, they are
unlikely to see them in
their students
• YOU ARE BEING
WATCHED BY YOUR
STUDENTS, PARENTS
& MEMEBERS OF THE
COMMUNITY!!
CONCLUSION
1. Students often learn a great deal simply by
observing other people including TEACHERS
2. Describing the consequences of behavior
can effectively increase the appropriate
behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones
ones.
This can involve discussing with learners about
the rewards and consequences of various
behaviors.
3. Teachers and parents must model
appropriate behaviors and take care that
they do not model inappropriate behaviors
4