* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chemical Mixtures: Parabens and Triclosan
Survey
Document related concepts
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Adrenal gland wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (menopause) wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Hypothalamus wikipedia , lookup
Growth hormone therapy wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chemical Mixtures: Parabens and Triclosan Shakila Balkhi, Simrum Bhullar & Kierah Leverton Department of Environmental and Occupational Health California State University, Northridge ABSTRACT Part of Endocrine System Triclosan and parabens are anthropogenic chemicals that are used in personal care products to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination as well as preserve the product. These chemicals have been introduced into the cosmetic industry to lengthen the Pineal gland (brain) shelf life of most products. Pituitary gland (brain) – These chemicals have not been in use long enough to determine long term health effects and have created an experimental works closely with the generation within our society. However, animal studies have predicted the chemicals to affect the endocrine system via hormone Hypothalamus. disruption. Comparison of Triclosan and parabens will examine related mechanisms of actions and similarities between the chemicals. Scientific literature was reviewed to determine possible health effects, bioaccumulation, mechanisms of action, and regulations of the chemicals. Further review of studies determined Triclosan and parabens may have synergistic effects when interacting. INTRODUCTION Triclosan is a synthetic antimicrobial agent that is commonly used in a variety of personal care products including make up, soaps, toothpastes, deodorants, and hand sanitizers. It was first introduced in hospitals in the 1970s for its antimicrobial properties and production has dramatically increased since. Parabens have been in the market since the 1930s and are the most common preservatives found in cosmetics and personal care products. Many studies have shown concern with these products causing endocrine disruption due to their estrogenic properties. Hormones Produced Low Exposure Health Effects Hormone Regulates Melatonin Circadian rhythm and reproductive hormones. Adrenal gland stimulation for hormone production; maintain healthy body composition in children and aids in healthy bone, muscle mass and fat distribution; breast milk production; kidney function. Anterior Lobe Hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Growth hormone (GH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Posterior Lobe Hormones: Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin. High Exposure Health Effects Dwarfism (in children); Gigantism (in Imbalance of internal children); Imbalance functions of the body. of internal functions of the body. Testes (male) Testosterone Sperm production; normal Decreased sex drive, development of male muscle mass, sperm characteristics. count; body hair loss. Thymus (upper chest) Thymosin (only until Production and maturation Development of puberty – then is inactive.) of T-lymphocytes. immune system in early stages of life. Thyroid (neck) T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). ROUTES OF EXPOSURE Triclosan is a common chemical found in toothpaste, mouthwash, deodorants, soaps, textiles, toys, liquid dishwashing soap and plastic kitchenware. It is known for its antiseptic properties and is detected in aquatic environments and in food sources (12). The routes of exposure for Triclosan are through ingestion and dermal absorption. Studies have shown about 6.3% of Triclosan is absorbed into the human skin just 24 hours after application, in vitro (12). Parabens are chemicals used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, lotions, skin cleansers, hair products (9). They are used to prevent bacteria growth and have been commonly used since the 1950s. About 85% of cosmetic products have them (1). The routes of exposure for parabens are from ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation from contaminated air and dust. Parabens are quickly metabolized in the liver which results in the distribution of free parabens and adducts of PHBA, glucuronide, sulfate, and glycine adducts (14). BIOACCUMULATION AND PERSISTENCE A high enough concentration of both these chemicals can cause endocrine system disruption in fish, which can lead to reproductive and behavioral problems. When animals consume these poisoned fish, the chemicals bio accumulate up the food chain and increase in toxicity (1). Parabens are known xenoestrogens and create excess estrogen in the body by binding to estrogen receptor sites (6). According to the Journal of Applied Toxicology, Triclosan also exerts estrogenic activities by inducing luciferase activities in an ER reporter gene assay (7). This schematic represents the different mechanisms of estrogen signaling: (8) I. Direct genomic signaling pathway- binds the E2 (17-Beta-estrodial) and ER (estrogen receptor) complex directly to the ERE (estrogen response element) II. Indirect genomic signaling pathway- E2-activated ER’s bind DNA through through protein-protein interactions with transcription factors as their respective response elements III. Non-genomic signaling pathway- binds E2 with ER at the plasma membrane, which activates various protein-kinase cascades and can lead to changes in gene expression due to phosphorylation of transcription factors IV. Ligand-independent signaling pathway- ER activation and target gene transcription through phosphorylation of ER’s Triclosan is also found in aquatic and terrestrial environments through the dumping of consumer products that ultimately find their to wastewater treatment plants. In addition, Triclosan persists in anaerobic conditions and is therefore present in sediment (2). EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1000 mg/kg/day (11) The main parts of the endocrine system are the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testicles (in males), and ovaries (in females). Parabens Bind to estrogen receptors 500,000-fold molar excess (16) Parabens Estrogenic Activity (15) Triclosan 10¯⁵M (19) Studies on animals have shown that Triclosan exposure can modulate estrogen dependent responses (2). Displaced estradiol from estrogen receptors Triclosan Mouse mammary tumor cells & Human breast cancer cells. 10¯⁷M & 10¯⁶ respectively (19) Triclosan Methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, and nbutyl-paraben This system helps regulate the body’s physical, neurological, homeostasis, and sexual development(4). The table below details the parts of the endocrine system, hormones produced, hormone regulations, the low exposure health effects, and the high exposure health effects. Ovaries (female) Islet Cells (pancreas) Parathyroid (neck) Amount Increase in Thyroid Hormone production Positive association with T3 levels Inhibited estrogen receptor binding The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete and produce hormones in the body that regulate the activity of cells and organs. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and are essentially chemical messengers of the body. Hypothalamus (brain) Endocrine Disruption Methyl- and butyl-paraben ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Glands (kidneys) Hyperthyroidism: Anxiety, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, etc. The mechanisms of EDC’s include chemicals binding to hormone receptors and exerting direct agonist or antagonist actions, exerting indirect agonist or antagonist actions, or binding to allosteric sites and yielding unexpected effects at low concentrations (5). Chemical Part of Endocrine System Hypothyroidism: Fatigue, weakness, weight gain, etc. MECHANISMS OF ACTION The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health found that high levels of Triclosan were found in 60% of human milk samples, and in 75% of human urine samples (2). According to a study done on parabens in surface water and fish from the greater Pittsburgh area, methyl paraben and butyl paraben were found in surface waters at concentrations ranging from 2.2 to 17.3 and 9.2 and 12.0 ppt, respectively (3). Metabolism Hormones Produced Hormone Regulates Cortisol and sometimes aldosterone Cortisol: response to stress; use of protein, carbohydrates and fat; blood pressure and cardiovascular function; inflammation. Anti-diuretic hormone Heart rate and blood (ADH), pressure, body Corticotropin-releasing temperature, fluid and hormone (CRH), electrolyte balance, Gonadotropin-releasing appetite and body weight, hormone (GnRH), Follicle glandular secretions of the stimulating hormone stomach and intestines, (FSH), luteinizing hormone production of substances (LH), Growth hormonethat influence the releasing hormone pituitary gland to release (GHRH) and inhibiting hormones and sleep hormone (GHIH), cycles Oxytocin, Prolactinreleasing hormone (PRH) or inhibiting hormone (PIH), Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Estrogen/Progesterone Insulin and glucagon Parathyroid hormone Female System Blood glucose levels Calcium regulation Low Exposure Health Effects Cortisol: Fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration and skin changes. Aldosterone: Drop in blood pressure. Imbalance of internal body functions. High Exposure Health Effects Cortisol: Cushing’s disease (fatigue, weight gain, weak muscles, etc) Imbalance of internal body functions. Urinary concentrations (9) 1,000,000-fold molar excess (15) REGULATIONS Regulations for Triclosan and parabens are minimal and are currently under review within several governments. The European Union and Canada currently have regulations for parabens. However, within the United States the Cosmetic Ingredient Review concluded that they were safe in cosmetic products up to 25%. Triclosan is currently not regulated within the US and is under further review. Country Methyl- and Ethyl-Paraben Propyl- and Butyl Paraben Triclosan European Union 8g/kg of product (21) Max total [] 1.9g/kg (21) 0.3% (20) Canada USA 0.3% (22) Up to 25% (23) 0.3% (22) Up to 25% (23) 0.3% (22) Not regulated CONCLUSION Drawing conclusions for the chemicals is challenging because they have not been in existence long enough to conclude they are harmful. However, through literature review these chemicals act using similar mechanisms of action that lead to conclusions of the two acting synergistically. Both Triclosan and parabens mimic pro-estrogenic activities ultimately having an effect on the endocrine system. Further studies need to be conducted in order to determine chemical exposure safety. However, the novelty of the chemicals and their constant use has created an experimental generation for our current society. Taking a preventative approach to these chemicals is recommended as studies have shown them to have harmful effects to animals. REFERENCES Low bone density Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Osteoporosis (12) Calafat, Antonia M, Xiaoyun Ye, Lee-Yang Wong, John A Reidy, and Larry L Needham. "Urinary Concentrations of (1) Good, Kate. "The Disturbing Environmental and Health Impact of Pouring Personal Care Products Down the Drain." Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003-2004." Environmental Health Perspectives, 116.3 (2008): 303-307. One Green Planet. N.p., 30 Jan. 2015. Web. 03 Dec. 2015. (2) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601; CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN 1661-7827 (13) Durán-Álvarez, J C, B Prado, D González, Y Sánchez, and B Jiménez-Cisneros. "Environmental Fate of Naproxen, Carbamazepine and Triclosan in Wastewater, Surface Water and Wastewater Irrigated Soil - Results of Laboratory Scale for printed edition) is an interdisciplinary, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. Experiments." The Science of the Total Environment, 538 (2015): 350-362. (3) Rez, Lara, Conrad Volz, Drew Michanowicz, Kyle Ferrar, Charles Christian, Diana Lenzner, and Talal El-Hefnawy. "A Study of Parabens and Bisphenol A in Surface Water and Fish Brain Ti." Ecotoxicology 22.4 (2013): 632-41. Ssue from the (14) Pycke, BFG, LA Geer, M Dalloul, O Abulafia, and RU Halden. "Maternal and Fetal Exposure to Parabens in a Multiethnic Urban US Population." Environment International, 84 (2015): 193-200. Greater Pittsburgh Area. 13 May 2013. Web. 03 Dec. 2015. (4) Paulsen, Lisa. "The Health Risks of Chemicals in Personal Care Products and Their Fate in the Environment." 2015. MS. (15) Byford, J.R, L.E Shaw, M.G.B Drew, G.S Pope, M.J Sauer, and P.D Darbre. "Oestrogenic Activity of Parabens in MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 80.1 (2002): 49-60. Connecticut College. Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. (5) Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Public Health Protection: A Statement of Principles from The Endocrine Society R. (16) Routledge, Edwin J, Joanne Parker, Jenny Odum, John Ashby, and John P Sumpter. "Some Alkyl Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) Are Estrogenic." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 153.1 (1998): 12-19. Thomas Zoeller, T. R. Brown, L. L. Doan, A. C. Gore, N. E. Skakkebaek, A. M. Soto, T. J. Woodruff, and F. S. Vom Saal (17) Blair, RM, H Fang, WS Branham, BS Hass, SL Dial, CL Moland, WD Tong, LM Shi, R Perkins, and DM Sheehan. "The Endocrinology 2012 153:9, 4097-4110 (6) Barton-Schuster, Dalene. "Elevated Estrogen Levels Linked to Toxins in Body Care Products." Natural Fertility Infocom. Estrogen Receptor Relative Binding Affinities of 188 Natural and Xenochemicals: Structural Diversity of Ligands." Toxicological Sciences, 54.1 (2000): 138-153. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2015. (18) K.L, Pedersen, Pedersen S.N, Christiansen L.B, B Korsgaard, and P Bjerregaard. "The Preservatives Ethyl-, Propyl- and (7) Huang H., Du G., Zhang W., Hu J., Wu D., Song L., Xia Y. and Wang X. (2014), The in Vitro estrogenic activities of Butylparaben Are Oestrogenic in an in Vivo Fish Assay." Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 86.3 (2000): 110-113. Triclosan and triclocarban, J. Appl. Toxicol., 34, pages 1060–1067. DOI: 10.1002/jat.3012 (19) Gee, R. H, A Charles, N Taylor, and P. D Darbre. "Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity of Triclosan in Breast Cancer (8) Peter Vrtačnik, Barbara Ostanek, Simona Mencej-Bedrač, Janja Marc*. The many faces of estrogen signaling. Cells." Journal of Applied Toxicology, 28.1 (2008): 78-91. Biochemia Medica 2014;24(3):329-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2014.035 (20) SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), Opinion on triclosan, ADDENDUM to the SCCP Opinion on Triclosan (9)Koeppe, ES, KK Ferguson, JA Colacino, and JD Meeker. "Relationship Between Urinary Triclosan and Paraben Concentrations and Serum Thyroid Measures in NHANES 2007-2008." Science of the Total Environment, 445 (2013): 299- (SCCP/1192/08) from January 2009, 22 March 2011 (21) SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), Opinion on parabens, 14 December 2010, revision of 22 March 2011 305. (10) Taxvig, C, Vinggaard, AM, Hass, U, Axelstad, M, Boberg, J, Hansen, PR, et al. “Do parabens have the ability to interfere (22) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/cosmet-person/labelling-etiquetage/ingredients-eng.php#a4.7 Health Canada/Consumer Product Safety/Safety of Cosmetic Ingredients. Web 26 Nov. 2015. with steroidogenesis?” Toxicol Sci, 106 (2008): 206-1 (11) Vo, Thuy T.B, Yeong-Min Yoo, Kyung-Chul Choi, and Eui-Bae Jeung. "Potential Estrogenic Effect(s) of Parabens at the (23) http://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/productsingredients/ingredients/ucm128042.htm FDA/Cosmetics/Parabens Web. 27 Nov. 2015 Prepubertal Stage of a Postnatal Female Rat Model." Reproductive Toxicology, 29.3 (2010): 306-316.