Download Circulatory System - Total Care International

Table of Contents
CHAPTER
PAGE NO
I
Circulatory System
1
II
Digestive System
3
III
Endocrine System
4
IV
Immune System
5
V
Lymphatic System
6
VI
Integumentary System
7
VII
Muscular System
9
IX
Nervous System
11
X
Reproductive System
13
XI
Respiratory System
15
XII
Skeletal System
16
XIII
Urinary System
18
0
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is the body's transport system. It is made up of a group
of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the
blood and the arteries and veins transport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the
left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called the aorta.
The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which then branch into even smaller
vessels which travel all over the body. When blood enters the smallest blood
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vessels, which are called capillaries, and are found in body tissue, it gives
nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes in carbon dioxide, water, and
waste. The blood, which no longer contains oxygen and nutrients, then goes
back to the heart through veins. Veins carry waste products away from cells
and bring blood back to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs to pick up
oxygen and eliminate waste carbon dioxide.
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Digestive System
The digestive system is made up of organs that break down food into protein,
vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy,
growth, and repair. After food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the
esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is further broken down by
powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small
intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter
the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the
body doesn't need or can't digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from
the body.
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Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of a group of glands that produce the
body's long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals
that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual
development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas,
ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which
transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body.
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Immune System
The immune system is our body's defense system against infections and
diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to
dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter
the body from the environment. There are three types of response systems in
the immune system: the anatomic response, the inflammatory response, and
the immune response.
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The anatomic response physically prevents threatening substances
from entering your body. Examples of the anatomic system include the
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mucous membranes and the skin. If substances do get by, the
inflammatory response goes on attack.
The inflammatory system works by excreting the invaders from your
body. Sneezing, runny noses, and fever are examples of the
inflammatory system at work. Sometimes, even though you don't feel
well while it's happening, your body is fighting illness.
When the inflammatory response fails, the immune response goes to
work. This is the central part of the immune system and is made up of
white blood cells, which fight infection by gobbling up antigens. About a
quarter of white blood cells, called the lymphocytes, migrate to the
lymph nodes and produce antibodies, which fight disease.
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is also a defense system for the body. It filters out
organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates
disease-fighting antibodies. It also distributes fluids and nutrients in the body
and drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell. The
lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels that help circulate body
fluids. These vessels carry excess fluid away from the spaces between
tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream.
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Integumentary system
The integumentary system, commonly called the skin, enwraps the body and
serves several purposes. First it offers protection to the underlying layers
from the sun. It also serves in body temperature regulation. The skin is also
home to millions of nerves that respond to temperature, touch, pressure, and
pain.
The skin has two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the
upper layer of the skin. It has up to five layers, called strata. Under the
epidermis is the dermis. This layer connects the skin to the underlying tissue.
It is in the dermis that hair follicles and sweat glands reside. Fingerprints are
a result of dermal ridges which produce looped and whirled ridges on the
epidermis. This gives the fingers and toes extra gripping ability.
Skin color is determined by three pigments: melanin, carotene, and
hemoglobin. However, only melanin is made in the skin. Melanin can be
gradated into many different shades. It is this ability of Melanin that gives
different races different skin coloration. Exposure to sunlight can also cause a
temporary change in the color of melanin. Carotene has a yellow-orange
color and is primarily found in the palms and the soles. Hemoglobin gives
fair-skinned people a pink hue to their skin due to the lack of melanin in the
epidermis, which makes it almost transparent.
Hair on other mammals serves them to keep them warm. However, the
sparse covering of hair on the human body serves other purposes. It is able
to sense insects on the skin before they are able to sting. The hair on the
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head serves to control and prevent heat loss as well as guard against sunlight
and physical trauma. Hair is produced by hair follicles in the skin. These
follicles are heavily vascularized and are surrounded by nerve fibers. Goose
bumps occur when small muscles pull the follicles upright producing a bump
on the surface of the skin.
Sweat glands are distributed throughout the skin. Their basic function is to
cool the body. This is accomplished by evaporation. Evaporation of sweat off
of the body dissipates body heat.
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Muscular System
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Smooth muscle is involuntary; a person can not directly tell the muscle what
to do. Smooth muscle tissue is commonly found in hollow organs such as the
stomach, the bladder, and the respiratory passages. Smooth muscles tissue
main function is to propel objects down a certain path. Smooth muscle tissue
is spindle shaped. Smooth muscle tissue is arranged in sheets or layers.
There are usually two layers running together, these two layers alternately
contract, changing the size of the organ i.e. the biceps.
Skeletal muscle tissue is always connected to bones. Skeletal muscle tissue
is long, and somewhat thin. Skeletal muscle tissue is the longest type of
muscle tissue in the body. This tissue is the strongest and hardest working in
the body. Skeletal muscle tissue is also known as striated muscle tissue,
because of its striations. Striations are fibers of muscle tissue that cross over
each fiber causing an appearance of crisscrossing thought the muscle.
Skeletal muscle tissue is the only type of muscle tissues that is voluntary.
These muscle cells are small and very fragile. Even though its cells are
fragile skeletal muscle tissue is very strong due to a sheath that covers every
skeletal muscle fiber.
Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. The heart is entirely made
up of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle tissue is responsible for pumping blood
throughout the heart. Cardiac muscle tissue is protected by a connective
tissue. This tissue is arranged in a figure eight formation. Cardiac muscle is
striated and is involuntary.
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Skeletal muscles help the body move.
Smooth muscles, which are involuntary, are located inside organs,
such as the stomach and intestines.

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its motion is involuntary
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Nervous System
1. Olfactory Bulb
2. Optic Nerve
3. Oculomotor Nerve
4. Trochlear Nerve
5. Trigeminal Nerve
6. Abducens Nerve
7. Facial Nerve
8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
10. Vagus Nerve
11. Accessory Nerve
12. Hypoglossal Nerve
The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One
of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your
body's control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses
throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs
what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of
your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the
peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It
sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense
organs, which tell your brain about things you see, hear, smell, taste
and feel.
The peripheral nervous system includes the craniospinal nerves that
branch off from the brain and the spinal cord. It carries the nerve
impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary action, such as
heart beat and digestion.
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Reproductive System
The reproductive system is the system that allows for the continuation of the
human species. This system is different in both males and females. The role
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of the male’s reproductive system is to manufacture sperm and then to deliver
them to the female’s reproductive tract where fertilization may occur. The role
of the female’s reproductive system is basically the same except that it goes
further if the sperm meets an egg. If fertilization occurs the female
reproductive system is designed to nurture and care for the cell that will soon
grow into a baby.
The sperm is produced in the male's testis and then travels through a
series of ducts to reach the body
exterior. The eggs are produced in the
ovary of a female. When an egg is to be expelled or ovulated a “blister forms
on the exterior of the ovary. When the “blister” bursts the egg is collected by
the ends of the fallopian tubes and travels through the fallopian tubes where it
can be fertilized by a single sperm.
If an egg is fertilized it travels down into the uterus where it embeds in the
wall of the uterus. There it divides rapidly and the cells begin to specialize
into the different organs of a pregnancy. Some of the cells form the amniotic
sac while some form the placenta and the umbilical cord. Only a small
number of these cells will eventually form the fetus.
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Respiratory System
The respiratory system brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It
includes the nose, trachea, and lungs. In breathing, air enters your nose or
mouth and goes down a long tube called the trachea. The trachea branches
into two bronchial tubes, or primary bronchi, which go to the lungs. The
primary bronchi branch off into even smaller bronchial tubes, or bronchioles.
The bronchioles end in the alveoli, or air sacs. Oxygen follows this path and
passes through the walls of the air sacs and blood vessels and enters the
blood stream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is
exhaled.
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Skeletal System
The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes
the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular
system to help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that
produces red blood cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system
cells, is found inside bones.
The skeleton makes up the general framework of the body. It is composed of
206 named bones of various shapes and sizes. Strong bands of connective
tissue called ligaments hold the bones together. Between many of the bones
there are pads of firm, smooth, slightly elastic connective tissue called
cartilage. The cartilage works to cushion the ends of the bones where they
bump together at a joint.
Bones are alive and continue to grow until about age 25. They are hard due
to the high concentration of certain minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
All of the minerals, which the body needs for bone growth or repair, are found
in food.
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Here are the five important reasons:
1. To support the soft parts of the body. Without your skeleton, your
body would fall to the ground.
2. To help muscles move your body by providing places for muscles to
attach, while acting as levers themselves.
3. To provide protection for many of the vital organs of the body such as
the brain, heart, and lungs.
4. To provide essential minerals, especially calcium, to the body when
necessary – such as during pregnancy.
5. To supply the body with certain blood cells. All red blood cells and
some white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.
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Urinary System
The urinary system eliminates waste from the body, in the form of urine. The
kidneys remove waste from the blood. The waste combines with water to form
urine. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to
the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is discharged through the urethra
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