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Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ PracticeQuestions 1. Thereisevidencefromsomeecologicalstudiesthatsomegrassesactuallybenefitfrom beinggrazedbyanimals.Whichofthefollowingtermswouldbestdescribesuchaplantherbivoreinteraction? a. Predation b. Commensalism c. Mutualism d. Competition e. Parasitism 2. Primarysuccessionissuccessionthat: a. leadstoestablishmentofaclimaxcommunitydominatedbyprimaryproducers. b. occursonnewlyexposedgeologicsubstrates,notorganicsoil. c. occurswhereorganicsoilshavebeenexposedbutnotdestroyedbydisturbance. d. occursafterfireoragriculturalabandonment. 3. Givenwhatyouknowaboutenergytransferefficiencies,approximatelyhowmany kilograms(kg)ofcarnivore(secondaryconsumer)biomasscanbesupportedbyagrassland containing20,000kgofplantmaterial? a. 20,000 b. 2000 c. 200 d. 20 e. 2 4. Successionis: a. Changeinspeciescompositionacrossspace b. Changeinspeciescompositionovertime c. Changeinspeciescompositionataspecificplace d. AandBcombined e. BandCcombined 5. WhichofthefollowingfactorsbestexplainswhyNPPishighestinthewettropics? a. Thetropicshavesmallerlandmassthantemperate/polarregions b. Thetropicshavehigherratesofspeciationthantemperate/polarregions c. Theclimateiswarmerandwetterinthetropics d. Thetropicshavemorecomplexfoodwebsthantemperate/polarregions e. Noneoftheabove Page1of6 Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ 6. Betadiversitywillbehighestwhen: a. Abioticconditionsareuniformfrompatchtopatch b. Dispersalratesofspeciesarehigh c. Therearesimilarspeciesinteractionsfrompatchtopatch d. Abioticconditionsarehighlyvariablebetweenpatches e. Mutualismsareequallyimportantbetweenpatches 7. InIslandBiogeographytheorydistancefromthemainlandcontrolsthe: a. Islandsize b. Extinctionrate c. Immigrationrate d. Islandsclosertothemainlandwillhavemorespecies e. Smallerislandswillhavefewerspecies 8. Whichofthefollowingmeasuresofproductivityaccountsforrespirationbyheterotrophs? a. Decomposition b. Netprimaryproduction c. Grossprimaryproduction d. Respiration e. Netecosystemproduction 9. Terrestrialecosystemscontainthelargestpoolofnitrogen.False 10. Beabletodefinetheterms:characterdisplacement,competitiveexclusion,inter-andintraspecificcompetition,community,captureefficiency,keystonespecies,interferenceand exploitativecompetition,zeropopulationgrowthisocline,conversionefficiency,Gleasonian versusClementsiancommunitydevelopment,grossprimaryproduction,netprimary production,primarysuccession,secondarysuccession,climaxcommunity,ecosystem. 11. Akeystonepredatoronlyaffectsthetrophiclevelbelowit.False 12. Heterotrophsareresponsibleforhighmarineproductivityalongcoastlines.False 13. NetPrimaryProductivityisconstrainedbyspeciescompositionandnutrients.True 14. Temperatebiomeshavethehighestspeciesdiversity.False 15. IntheLotka-Volterrapredator-preymodel,preyexhibitwhattypeofgrowthintheabsence ofpredators?Exponential 16. IntheLotka-Volterrapredator-preymodel,thezeropopulationgrowthsolutionfor predatorsisintermsof?Thenumberofpreyrequiredtomaintainzeropopulationgrowth Page2of6 Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ 17. Whatarethethreelargestpoolsofcarbonrankedfromlargesttosmallest? a. Ocean b. Fossil&sediments,fossilisfine c. Soil 18. Whatarethethreelargestnaturalfluxesofcarbonrankedfromlargesttosmallest? a. Photosynthesisoratmospheretoterrestrialplants b. Plant&Microbialrespirationorfromterrestrialsystemstotheatmosphere c. Oceanphotosynthesisoratmospheretoocean 19. Whyistheatmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrationincreasingmoreslowlythantherate atwhichanthropogeniccarbonemissionsareincreasing?Thelandandoceansinkstakeup roughlyhalfofannualanthropogenicemissions. 20. InhisexperimentswithdifferentpairsofParameciumspecies,Gausefoundthatsometimes bothspeciespersistedandsometimesonlyonespeciesdidandtheotherwentextinct. WhichofthefollowinghypothesesdidGauseproposetoexplainthecasesinwhichboth speciespersisted? a. Onespecieswasamuchbettercompetitorthantheother. b. Periodicdisturbanceallowedforcoexistence. c. Thetwospeciestendedtousedifferentresources. d. Thetwospeciesexhibitedonlyinterferencecompetition,notexploitative competition. e. Noneoftheabove 21. Asyoustudytwocloselyrelatedpredatoryinsectspecies,thetwo-spotandthethree-spot avengerbeetles,younoticethateachspeciesseekspreyatdawninareaswithouttheother species.However,wheretheirrangesoverlap,thetwo-spotavengerbeetlehuntsatnight andthethree-spothuntsinthemorning.Whenyoubringindividualsfromthepopulations thatoverlapintothelaboratoryandkeepthetwodifferentspeciesseparatefromeach other,youdiscoverthattheoffspringofthetwo-spotavengerbeetlespeciesarenocturnal, buttheoffspringofthethree-spotareactiveinthemorning.Youhavediscoveredan exampleof_____. a. mutualism b. characterdisplacement c. Batesianmimicry d. facultativecommensalism e. interferencecompetition Page3of6 Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ 22. WhichwouldbethebestwaytodirectlytestthehypothesisthatC.stellatus(aspeciesof barnacle)iscompetitivelyexcludedfromthelowerintertidalzonebyB.balanoides(another speciesofbarnacle)? a. Placeindividualsofeachspeciesinajarandseewhichspeciessurvives. b. RemoveallB.balanoidesfromthelowerintertidalzone. c. TransplantB.balanoidestotheupperintertidalzone. d. Clearrocksinanentireareaanddocumentrecolonizationevents. e. RemoveallC.stellatusfromtheuppertidalzone. 23. Inanexperimentwithtwospeciesofbarnacles,C.stellatus(aspeciesofbarnacle)is competitivelyexcludedfromthelowerintertidalzonebyB.balanoides(anotherbarnacle species),butC.stellatushasnoeffectonthedistributionofB.balanoides.Whatcouldbe concludedaboutthetwospecies’niches? a. ThefundamentalandrealizednichesofB.balanoidesandC.stellatusareidentical. b. ThefundamentalandrealizednichesofB.balanoidesandC.stellatusaredifferent. c. ThefundamentalnicheofB.balanoidesisdifferentfromtherealizednicheofB. balanoides,butthefundamentalnichesofC.stellatusisidenticaltotherealized nicheofC.stella. d. ThefundamentalnicheofB.balanoidesisidenticaltotherealizednicheofB. balanoides,butthefundamentalnicheofC.stellatusisdifferentfromtherealized nicheofC.stellatus. 24. Youareinvestigatingpatternsofspeciesrichnessontwodifferentcontinentstodetermine howlocalandregionalspeciesrichnessvariesbetweenthem.Yourtwostudyareasare studyarea1andstudyarea2.Foreachstudysite,yousamplethelocalspeciesrichnessina smallareathatisasubsetoftheentiresite,andthenfindtheregionalspeciesrichnessfor thewholesite.Thedataonspeciesrichnessisshowninthetable. Table1 Page4of6 Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ UsingthedatainTable1,plotagraphoftherelationshipbetweenlocalandregionalspecies richnessinthetwostudyareas(thiswillbereferredtoasFigure1).Sketchastraightlinethat indicatesthegeneralpatternoftherelationship.Addalinewithaslopeof1tothegraphto indicatehowtherelationshipbetweenregionalandlocalspeciesdiversitywouldlookifregional andlocalspeciesdiversitywerethesame. Figure1 Whichprocess,regionalorlocal,isthedominantdriverofthepatternineachstudyarea? Explainyouranswers.Instudyarea1,regionalprocessesdominateoverlocalprocesses, becauselocalrichnessvaluesarelowerthanregionalrichnessvalues.However,thevalues increaseproportionally(slope<1).Instudyarea2,localprocesseslimitlocalrichnessinthe studyareabecauselocalrichnessstaysthesameasregionalrichnessincreases. Page5of6 Biology203–Exam2Name_____________________________________ 25. Thisfigureisfromaninvasiveplantexperiment.Thefigurebelowisleaflittercollected weeklyinOctoberandNovember(month-day)andthefigureontherightiscumulativeleaf litterfallovertheentiresamplingperiod.Usethefiguretoanswerthefollowingquestions: a. Whichtypeofshrubproducedmoreleaflitter?Invasive b. Whatdoesthefiguretellyouaboutthetimingoflitterfallfornativeandinvasive species?Invasiveshrubsdroptheirleaveslaterinthefallthannativeshrubs c. Assumingthatbothtypesleafoutinspringatthesametime,howdoyouexpect grossprimaryproductivitytovarybetweenthetypes?Why? GPPwillbehigherfortheinvasiveshrubsbecausetheymaintaintheirleaveslonger andcanphotosynthesizeforalongertimeperiod. Page6of6