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Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Exam #3 Study Guide
The Skeletal System
1. Know the functions of bones.
2. Know whether a bone is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton.
3. KNOW which skull opening(s) a particular cranial nerve passes through. Use the table I created to
help you with this.
4. Know how many total bones we have and how many carpals, tarsals, and ribs (each type of rib as well)
we have.
5. Be able to identify the carpal and tarsal bones.
6. Know where in the body the other bones are located along with their important bone markings as
discussed in lecture. (Don’t stress over this one much either, it will over cover a handful of questions)
Articulations
1. What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
2. What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
3. What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
4. What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? Name an example of each.
5. What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
6. What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? Name an example of each.
7. What are the basic characteristics of synovial joints, including the five distinct features?
Be able to elaborate on the 5 distinct features.
8. What are the 4 classifications of the axis of motion? Be able to describe each one.
9. What are the different types of 6 angular motions seen in the body? Be able to describe each.
10. What are the 9 special movements seen in the body? Be able to describe each.
11. What are the 6 types of synovial joints seen in the body? Name an example of each one.
12. Match the joint disorder with its description.
Muscles & Muscle Tissue
1. What are the functions of muscles/muscle tissue?
2. What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? Know a basic description of each.
3. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
4. What are the distinguishing qualities of each type of muscle tissue?
5. Which muscle tissues are striated? Which are voluntary? Which are mononucleated?
6. What is the definition of a whole muscle as given in lecture? A fascicle? A muscle fiber? A myofibril?
What causes striations in skeletal muscle?
7. What is the epimysium? The perimysium? The endomysium?
8. What are the transverse tubules (T-tubules)? What is their role in contraction?
9. What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What does it store? What causes it to be released?
10. What proteins make up the thin myofilaments? What one(s) are contractile? Which one(s) are
regulatory?
11. What is the normal function of the troponin-tropomyosin complex? What causes it to move?
12. What are the 3 steps of skeletal muscle contraction? What is the end-result of each step?
13. What 2 things are involved with muscle relaxation? What is the ultimate result of each (and
No, it isn’t “relaxation”)
14. Define motor unit, motor-end plate and sarcomere.
15. What are the three processes a muscle uses to make ATP? Which provides for the most energy?
The least? Which require oxygen?
16. How many ATP are produced from one glucose during fermentation? During cellular respiration?
17. What are the 4 main causes of muscle fatigue? What is oxygen debt?
18. What is a muscle twitch? Be able to label the 3 parts of one. What is happening during the latent
period?
19. What is the difference between wave summation and multiple motor-unit summation?
20. What is treppe? What pre-exercise event is it the basis for?
21. Define isometric contraction, isotonic contraction, concentric contraction and eccentric contraction.
22. What are the 3 muscle fiber types based on their oxidative or glycolytic capabilities? (in other words,
not smooth, skeletal & cardiac) What are the main characteristics of each? Which fiber type would you
expect to be predominant in an endurance athlete? In a world- class sprinter?
23. What are the benefits of exercise?
24. What are the main differences between skeletal muscle contraction and smooth muscle contraction?
What different chemicals are seen in smooth muscle as compared to skeletal? What are the functions
of each?
25. What are the main differences between skeletal muscle contraction and cardiac muscle contraction?
26. Be able to match the muscle disorder with its description.
27. Be able to put the following events into the correct order;
a) the Ca++ binds to troponin
b) ADP and P are released from the myosin head
c) Na+ enters the muscle via voltage-gated NA+ channels causing the impulse to move along the
sarcolemma and T-tubules
d) the energized myosin head binds to the actin
e) the impulse causes Ca++ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open
f) an impulse from the nervous system travels down the motor neuron
g) Na+ moves through chemical-gated Na+ channels causing an impulse on the sarcolemma
h) ATP binds to the myosin head detaching it from the actin
i) Ca++ rushes out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm
j) ACh binds to receptors on the motor-end plate causing an opening of Na+ channels
k) the myosin swivels inward pulling the thin filament over the think towards the center of the
sarcomere
l) ACh is released from the synaptic end bulb
m) the troponin-tropomyosin complex shift to reveal the myosin binding sites on the actin
n) the impulse is transferred from the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at the triad
28. Although you won’t be asked to do so, you should be able to describe all the steps of
muscle contraction from memory. Use the notes, summary sheet and #27 above to help
learn this. There will be more than a few questions on the details of this process beyond just
putting the steps in order.
29. Identify the parts of a whole muscle and muscle fiber on the diagrams used in lecture (and
provided with the diagrams printout). Also know the different zones, lines and discs.