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Volcano A volcano is a place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where molten rock, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth's crust. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure some are cracks in the earth's crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit. Magma is molten rock within the Earth's crust. When magma erupts through the earth's surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slowmoving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions - this type of rock can float on water). Volcanic eruptions can cause great damage and the loss of life and property. The Word Volcano: The word volcano comes from the Roman god of fire, Vulcan. Vulcan was said to have had a forge (a place to melt and shape iron) on Vulcano, an active volcano on the Lipari Islands in Italy. Extreme Volcanoes: The largest volcano on Earth is Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is about 6 miles (10 km) tall from the sea floor to its summit (it rises about 4 km above sea level). It also has the greatest volume of any volcano, 10,200 cubic miles (42,500 cubic kilometers). The most active volcano in the continental USA is Mt. St. Helens (located in western Washington state). The largest volcano in our Solar System is perhaps Olympus Mons on the planet Mars. This enormous volcano is 17 miles (27 km) tall and over 320 miles (520 km) across. Label the Volcano Diagram Read the definitions, then label the diagram below. Definitions ash cloud - an ash cloud is the cloud of ash that forms in the air after some volcanic eruptions. magma chamber - a magma chamber contains magma (molten rock) deep within the Earth's crust. conduit - a conduit is a passage through which side vent - a side vent is a vent in the side of a magma (molten rock) flows in a volcano. volcano. crust - the crust is Earth's outermost, rocky layer. lava - lava is molten rock; it usually comes out of erupting volcanoes. vent - a vent is an opening in the Earth's surface through which volcanic materials erupt. Types of Volcanoes There are many types of volcanoes: Shield Volcano - A gently-sloping volcano that emits mostly basaltic lava (very fluid lava) that flows in long-lasting, relatively gentle eruptions - explosions are minimal. Shield volcanoes can be very big. An example is Mt. Kilauea (in Hawaii, USA). Composite or Strato Volcano - A steep-coned volcano that explosively emits gases, ash, pumice, and a small amount of stiff, silica lava (called rhyolite). This type of volcano can have eruptions accompanied by lahars -- deadly mudflows. Most volcanoes on Earth are of this type. Stratovolcanoes kill more people than any other type of volcanoes - this is because of their abundance on Earth and their powerful mudflows. Examples are Krakatoa in Indonesia, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Mt. St. Helens in Washington state, USA. Lava Dome - A bulbous (rounded) volcano that forms when very viscous lava barely flows. An example is Mont Pelée in Martinique. Cinder Cone - A cone-shaped volcano whose steep sides are formed by loose, fragmented cinders that fall to the Earth close to the vent. The lava flows through a single vent that is usually only up to about 1,000 feet tall. There is usually a bowl-shaped crater at the top. As the gas-filled lava erupts into the air, the lava fragments into pieces and forms cinders. Rhyolite Caldera Complex - these are the most explosive volcanoes. They do not look like common volcanoes -- after an eruption, the result is a caldera (crater) caused when the area around the vent collapses. Examples are Yellowstone in Wyoming, USA and Lake Taupo in New Zealand (which erupted around A.D. 80). Volcano Fill in the blanks below using words from the word bank. Word Bank: Mars summit crust rock crater lava miles cracks Magma Earth volcano erupts 1. A volcano is a place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where molten _______________________, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth's _______________________. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure - some are _______________________ in the earth's crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a _______________________ (a circular depression) at the summit. 2. _______________________ is molten rock within the Earth's crust. When magma _______________________ through the earth's surface it is called _______________________. 3. The largest volcano on _______________________ is Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is about 6 miles (10 km) tall from the sea floor to its _______________________ (it rises about 4 km above sea level). It also has the greatest volume of any volcano on Earth, 10,200 cubic miles (42,500 cubic kilometers). 4. The largest _______________________ in our Solar System is perhaps Olympus Mons on the planet _____________________. This enormous volcano is 17 _____________________ (27 km) tall and over 320 miles (520 km) across.