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FLASH CARDS www.BiologicalPsych.com Kalat’s Book Chapter 7 Alphabetical acupuncture acupuncture Based on Chinese energy flow theory, uses thin solid needles (no shots) inserted in designated points on the body. Can be effective for some types of pain relief. across-fiber pattern principle across-fiber pattern principle Receptors are not necessary system specific. Touch receptors can encode pain. Taste & smell impact many different neurons. Fussy logic theory of neural coding. adaptation adaptation All senses except pain quickly adjust to new level; less responsive. Two doses of sour; first is perceived as more sour. amplitude amplitude Height of a wave. In sound, amplitude is perceived as volume. In vision, it is perceived as brightness. capsaicin capsaicin Chemical found in white pith of chili peppers. Stimulates pain receptors, can reduce itch. cochlea cochlea Portion of inner ear, snail-shaped. Fluidfilled organ needed for hearing. Functions as frequency analyzer. conductive deafness conductive deafness Middle-ear deafness. Bones of the middle ear (stapes, incus & malleus) don’t transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear. Caused by tumors and infections; treated with hearing aids or surgery. cross-adaptation cross-adaptation Extend to which receptors share sensory channels. Exposure to one sensation (odor or taste) reduces response to another. More common in odor than taste. dermatome dermatome Area of skin or area of coverage represented by a single sensory nerve in spine. Size of areas vary greatly; one covers the thumb, another covers most of the thigh. endorphins endorphins To relieve prolonged pain opioid peptides are released to block substance P. Pituitary secrets B-endorphin into blood; can’t get into brain. Hypothalamus secretes to spinal cord & brain; inhibit GABA, dis-inhibit dopamine. frequency frequency Number of times in a set period of time. In vision, frequency encodes color. In audition, frequency encodes pitch. frequency theory frequency theory Audition theory that suggests sensing pitch is the result of the basilar membrane vibrations. Auditory neurons fire at same frequency. In contrast to place theory. gate theory gate theory Pain theory that suggests some nerve impulses are passed thru to brain, some are stopped at gate. hair cells hair cells Cilia; hair-like structures; widely used term. In otolith organ, movement of cilia denotes head position and acceleration. In sound perception, cilia are moved by fluid in the cochlea. labeled-line principle labeled-line principle Labeled-line principle: Receptors of sensory system respond to a limited range of stimuli and send a direct line to the brain. loudness loudness Magnitude of sound. Encoded by amplitude of sound waves. nerve deafness nerve deafness Inner-ear deafness. Loss of hearing from damage to auditory nerve or to the cochlea or its hair cells. Can be an inherited condition. nucleus of the tractus solitarius nucleus of the tractus solitarius On top of medulla; solitary tract. Involved in cardiovascular, breathing & taste. olfaction olfaction Smell; detection of air bourn chemicals. Humans can detect about 10k odorants. Smell adapts more quickly than vision or hearing. olfactory cells olfactory cells Smell receptors; line epithelium of nose. Hundreds of different proteins transverse membrane multiple times, if bind to chemical then g-protein changes causes action potential. opioid mechanisms opioid mechanisms Activation of g-protein coupled receptors in brain, spine & digestive tract. When activated, reduces both acute and chronic dull pain. Four major subtypes. Side effect include nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, itching and constipation. oval window oval window Membrane between middle and inner ear. Stuck by stapes to transfer vibrations from tympanic membrane to fluid inside cochlea. Pacinian corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Oval-shaped touch receptors; lamellar corpuscles. Detect sudden displacement, gross pressure and skin vibrations; not steady pressure. May respond to sudden changes in joint position. papillae papillae General term for nipple-like structures, includes mammary glands in breasts and bumps on the tongue for taste. Analysis of water soluble chemicals (taste) occurs in papillae on tongue, soft palate and upper esophagus. Inside are ~6-8 taste buds with ~50 receptors in each. periaqueductal gray area periaqueductal gray area Neuronal columns along the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd & 4th ventricles) is involved in pain, anxiety, cardiovascular functions & reproductive behaviors. pheromones pheromones Odorless chemicals released to affect same species members, triggers social response (aggression, sexual behavior). Common in plants and insects. pinna pinna Outer ear. Collects sound waves and funnels them down auditory cannel toward tympanic membrane. pitch pitch Subjective perception of sound wave frequency. Sensed as varying, higher, lower. The basis of melody. place theory place theory Audition theory that suggests sensing pitch depends on where along the basilar membrane neurons are stimulated. In contrast to frequency theory. placebo placebo Told that substance will help them, people report that it (sugar pill, saline injection, etc.) impacts them. Subjects report positive effects (reduced pain, etc.), negative effects (increased headaches, etc.) or both. primary auditory cortex primary auditory cortex A1, top side of temporal lobe, processes sound such as pitch and volume. Tonotopically organized. semicircular canal semicircular canal Part of vestibular system. Three orthogonally oriented fluid-filled canals. Used to sense head rotation, tilt & balance. somatosensory system somatosensory system Measures touch, pressure, temperature, itch, pain and position of joints. substance P substance P A neuropeptide released by sensory nerves of brain and spine; neuromodulator and neurotransmitter. Important in pain, itching & vomit reflex. supertasters supertasters More fungiform papilae on tongue. Have gene that makes PTC (phenythiocarbamide) taste very bitter. Highly sensitive to all tastes, particularly bitterness. Most likely Asian or African women. synesthesia synesthesia Mixing of sensory sensations, possible from inappropriately branching axons. Seems normal to person to see numbers as having colors, or tones as movements or days of the week having personalities. taste bud taste bud Containers of taste receptors; located on papillae of tongue. tinnitus tinnitus Phantom ear sounds; ringing in ear. Often part of age-related deafness. As nerve deteriorates, hear high frequency tone; similar to phantom limb. tympanic membrane tympanic membrane Ear drum. Membrane between auditory canal (outer ear) and middle ear. Vibrates in response to sound waves. volley principle volley principle Theory of encoding magnitude. When neuron reaches maximum firing rate, other neurons fire too. In pitch discrimination, theory that a volley of impulses encode pitch below 4000 Hz. vomeronasal organ (VNO) vomeronasal organ (VNO) Pheromone receptors; located near smell receptors but form independent system. Specializes receptors, tuned; respond only to one pheromone. www.BiologicalPsych.com