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HEARING (Audition) Physics of sound… ● Frequency (pitch): number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time, usually a second ● wavelength: the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. ● long wavelengths = low frequency/pitch ● short wavelengths = high frequency/pitch ● Amplitude/Intensity (Loudness): physical strength in a wave, usually determined by the height of the wave (from peak to valley) ● decibel: measuring unit for sound strength/energy Auditory process ● outer ear (pinna) → auditory canal → tympanic membrane (eardrum) → ossicles (bones) of the middle ear → oval window → cochlea → basilar membrane (hair cells) → auditory nerve → auditory cortex Perceiving Pitch ● 2 theories ● Frequency theory: the basilar membrane vibrates at the same rate as incoming sound waves, triggering neural impulses at the same rate ● explains low-pitched sounds ● Place theory: different frequencies cause vibrations at different locations (hair cells) along the basilar membrane, triggering the neurons at that place ● explains high-pitched sounds Hearing Loss ● As we age, we lose the ability to detect the higher frequency/pitch sounds ● Why? ● Conduction deafness: inability to hear resulting from damage to the structures of the middle ear ● Sensorineural deafness (nerve deafness): inability to hear resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve ● Cochlear implant? Good or bad? Other Senses Skin and Body Senses (Somatic Senses) ● Include your sense of touch, temperature, pressure, pain and kinesthesia ● Pain Your body’s way of telling you something is wrong...ultimately it is useful because, in the long run, it protects you from harm ● How do we experience pain? ● Gate-control theory: pain is a product of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain (sensory cortex/frontal lobe/limbic system), which then we perceive as pain → Substance P = neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain messages ● Psychological factors can influence the perception of pain ● → Anxiety, fear and a sense of helplessness can increase pain → Laughter, distraction and a sense of control can decrease pain But remember…pain is NOT merely the result of stimulation… ● Phantom limb pain: people who are missing a limb (due to physical defect or amputation) feel painful sensations that seem to come from the missing part ● Neurological studies show that the “phantom pain” does not originate from damaged nerves in the sensory pathways…but from the brain itself Taste (gustation) ● Saliva dissolves substances taste buds (grouped together on papillae) thalamus frontal/temporal/parietal lobes ● 4 main tastes – gustatory cell ● 2 other “tastes” identified… Umami: enhances other tastes & is produced by certain proteins and monosodium glutamate ● Astringent: taste produced by tannins, like tea Taste sensitivity diminishes with age ● ● Smell (olfaction) ● Olfactory receptors olfactory nerves olfactory bulb temporal lobe (recognition) or limbic system (emotion) ● Humans can detect approximately 10,000 odors & olfaction has a large connection with memory ● Many animals use as a sense of communication via pheromones Sensory interaction: principle that one sense may influence another, like when smell and taste of food combine to make “flavor”