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Kalat’s Book
Chapter 7
Alphabetical
acupuncture
acupuncture
Based on Chinese energy flow theory,
uses thin solid needles (no shots) inserted
in designated points on the body. Can be
effective for some types of pain relief.
across-fiber pattern principle
across-fiber pattern principle
Receptors are not necessary system
specific. Touch receptors can encode pain.
Taste & smell impact many different neurons.
Fussy logic theory of neural coding.
adaptation
adaptation
All senses except pain quickly adjust to
new level; less responsive. Two doses of
sour; first is perceived as more sour.
amplitude
amplitude
Height of a wave. In sound, amplitude is
perceived as volume. In vision, it is
perceived as brightness.
capsaicin
capsaicin
Chemical found in white pith of chili peppers.
Stimulates pain receptors, can reduce itch.
cochlea
cochlea
Portion of inner ear, snail-shaped. Fluidfilled organ needed for hearing. Functions
as frequency analyzer.
conductive deafness
conductive deafness
Middle-ear deafness. Bones of the middle ear
(stapes, incus & malleus) don’t transmit
sound waves from tympanic membrane to
inner ear. Caused by tumors and infections;
treated with hearing aids or surgery.
cross-adaptation
cross-adaptation
Extend to which receptors share sensory
channels. Exposure to one sensation
(odor or taste) reduces response to
another. More common in odor than taste.
dermatome
dermatome
Area of skin or area of coverage represented
by a single sensory nerve in spine. Size of
areas vary greatly; one covers the thumb,
another covers most of the thigh.
endorphins
endorphins
To relieve prolonged pain opioid peptides are
released to block substance P. Pituitary
secrets B-endorphin into blood; can’t get into
brain. Hypothalamus secretes to spinal cord &
brain; inhibit GABA, dis-inhibit dopamine.
frequency
frequency
Number of times in a set period of time. In
vision, frequency encodes color. In
audition, frequency encodes pitch.
frequency theory
frequency theory
Audition theory that suggests sensing
pitch is the result of the basilar membrane
vibrations. Auditory neurons fire at same
frequency. In contrast to place theory.
gate theory
gate theory
Pain theory that suggests some nerve
impulses are passed thru to brain, some
are stopped at gate.
hair cells
hair cells
Cilia; hair-like structures; widely used
term. In otolith organ, movement of cilia
denotes head position and acceleration.
In sound perception, cilia are moved by
fluid in the cochlea.
labeled-line principle
labeled-line principle
Labeled-line principle: Receptors of
sensory system respond to a limited range of
stimuli and send a direct line to the brain.
loudness
loudness
Magnitude of sound. Encoded by
amplitude of sound waves.
nerve deafness
nerve deafness
Inner-ear deafness. Loss of hearing from
damage to auditory nerve or to the
cochlea or its hair cells. Can be an
inherited condition.
nucleus of the tractus
solitarius
nucleus of the tractus
solitarius
On top of medulla; solitary tract. Involved
in cardiovascular, breathing & taste.
olfaction
olfaction
Smell; detection of air bourn
chemicals. Humans can detect about
10k odorants. Smell adapts more
quickly than vision or hearing.
olfactory cells
olfactory cells
Smell receptors; line epithelium of nose.
Hundreds of different proteins transverse
membrane multiple times, if bind to
chemical then g-protein changes causes
action potential.
opioid mechanisms
opioid mechanisms
Activation of g-protein coupled receptors in
brain, spine & digestive tract. When activated,
reduces both acute and chronic dull pain. Four
major subtypes. Side effect include nausea,
drowsiness, vomiting, itching and constipation.
oval window
oval window
Membrane between middle and inner ear.
Stuck by stapes to transfer vibrations from
tympanic membrane to fluid inside cochlea.
Pacinian corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Oval-shaped touch receptors; lamellar
corpuscles. Detect sudden displacement,
gross pressure and skin vibrations; not
steady pressure. May respond to sudden
changes in joint position.
papillae
papillae
General term for nipple-like structures, includes
mammary glands in breasts and bumps on the
tongue for taste. Analysis of water soluble chemicals
(taste) occurs in papillae on tongue, soft palate and
upper esophagus. Inside are ~6-8 taste buds with
~50 receptors in each.
periaqueductal gray area
periaqueductal gray area
Neuronal columns along the cerebral
aqueduct (connects 3rd & 4th ventricles)
is involved in pain, anxiety, cardiovascular
functions & reproductive behaviors.
pheromones
pheromones
Odorless chemicals released to affect
same species members, triggers social
response (aggression, sexual behavior).
Common in plants and insects.
pinna
pinna
Outer ear. Collects sound waves and
funnels them down auditory cannel
toward tympanic membrane.
pitch
pitch
Subjective perception of sound wave
frequency. Sensed as varying, higher,
lower. The basis of melody.
place theory
place theory
Audition theory that suggests sensing
pitch depends on where along the basilar
membrane neurons are stimulated. In
contrast to frequency theory.
placebo
placebo
Told that substance will help them, people
report that it (sugar pill, saline injection, etc.)
impacts them. Subjects report positive effects
(reduced pain, etc.), negative effects
(increased headaches, etc.) or both.
primary auditory cortex
primary auditory cortex
A1, top side of temporal lobe, processes
sound such as pitch and volume.
Tonotopically organized.
semicircular canal
semicircular canal
Part of vestibular system. Three
orthogonally oriented fluid-filled canals.
Used to sense head rotation, tilt & balance.
somatosensory system
somatosensory system
Measures touch, pressure, temperature,
itch, pain and position of joints.
substance P
substance P
A neuropeptide released by sensory
nerves of brain and spine;
neuromodulator and neurotransmitter.
Important in pain, itching & vomit reflex.
supertasters
supertasters
More fungiform papilae on tongue. Have
gene that makes PTC (phenythiocarbamide)
taste very bitter. Highly sensitive to all tastes,
particularly bitterness. Most likely Asian or
African women.
synesthesia
synesthesia
Mixing of sensory sensations, possible
from inappropriately branching axons.
Seems normal to person to see numbers
as having colors, or tones as movements
or days of the week having personalities.
taste bud
taste bud
Containers of taste receptors; located on
papillae of tongue.
tinnitus
tinnitus
Phantom ear sounds; ringing in ear. Often
part of age-related deafness. As nerve
deteriorates, hear high frequency tone;
similar to phantom limb.
tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane
Ear drum. Membrane between auditory
canal (outer ear) and middle ear. Vibrates
in response to sound waves.
volley principle
volley principle
Theory of encoding magnitude. When
neuron reaches maximum firing rate, other
neurons fire too. In pitch discrimination,
theory that a volley of impulses encode pitch
below 4000 Hz.
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
Pheromone receptors; located near smell
receptors but form independent system.
Specializes receptors, tuned; respond
only to one pheromone.
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