Download Plant Lab Review - Napa Valley College

Plant Lab Review
Root cross-section
(Ranunculus)
• Epidermis
• Cortex
•
•
•
•
Vascular Cylinder
Phloem
Endodermis
Xylem
Ranunculus Root Cross section
• Give three functions of the root
– Anchor plant
– Absorb water and minerals
– Store food
• Give a function of the cortex
– Gives plant support (structure), stores food
• Give the function of vascular tissue
– A. Xylem- conducts water and minerals
– B. Phloem- transports sugars
Obs. 4– Sunflower stem cross section
(Helianthus)
• Ground tissue
• Phloem
(Companion cells)
• Xylem
• Phloem (fibers)
• Epidermis
• Vascular bundle
Sunflower stem cross section (Helianthus)
• What would the longitudinal section of xylem and
phloem look like?
– Tubular, dude
• Which part of the stem is able to make new cells and
allow the stem to elongate?
– Apical meristem
• Which part of a stem is able to increase in width or
girth (adds wood)?
– Lateral meristem (vascular cambium)
Leaf Epidermis
Stomata are openings through which plants can
exchange gases with their environment. Guard cell
open and close stomata.
Leaf Epidermis
• What is the function of the stomata?
– Regulate gas exchange
• What is the function of the guard cells?
– Open and close stomata
• Name one molecule needed for photosynthesis that
enters the leaf through the stomata.
– CO2
• Name two molecules that exit the leaf through the
stomata during the day.
– H2O, O2
• What substance on the surface of the epidermis
protects a leaf from drying out?
– Waxy cuticle
Leaf cross-section

Upper Epidermis

Palisade Mesophyll

Spongy Mesophyll

Lower Epidermis


Guard Cells

Stomata
What is the name of the main photosynthetic tissue in the leaf?
Mesophyll; palisade and spongy
Leaf cross-section
• Describe how each cell type contributes to leaf function:
– Epidermal cells
• Light absorption, conserve water
– Guard cells
• Gas exchange
– Palisade mesophyll
• Light absorption
– Spongy mesophyll
• Light absorption AND gas exchange
– Vascular tissue
• Gas exchange, fluid and nutrient distribution
•
Flower Structure
•
•
How many pistils, stamens, petals and
sepals does the flower have?
– 1, 6, 3, 3
What are the functions of:
sepals, petals, stamens
pistil ?
– Sepals protect flower bud
– Petals attract pollinators
– Stamen are male reproductive organ
– Pistil is female organ
Give at least two examples of flower
adaptations that ensure pollination.
– Fragrance
– Nectar
– Bright colors
– Shapes
– Location of pistil vs stamen



Name three different examples of
adaptations that ensure that seeds
(fruit) are dispersed from the
parent plant.

Edible fruit

Aerodynamic seed transport

Sticky or tricky design
Name a way that the parent plant
helps the embryo once it has
germinated.
(Where do the nutrients come from
that the embryo uses until it starts
photosynthesizing?)
Cotyledons provide nourishment for
the plant embryo
Mosses and Liverworts
•
How does fertilization occur?
–
•
•
Do they disperse by spores or
seeds?
–
•
Spores
Where are these structures
produced?
–
•
Swimming sperm
Sporangia
What advance found in mosses
and liverworts represents the
first step in becoming a
terrestrial organism? (stops them
from drying out)
–
Waxy cuticle
Mosses and Liverworts
•
Give two characteristics of the
Mosses and Liverworts that limit
them to moister environments?
–
–
–
•
No vascular system
Swimming sperm
No root system
Do they have secondary growth
(wood)?
–
No
Ferns
•
•
•
•
•
How does fertilization occur?
–
Swimming sperm
Do they disperse by spores or
seeds?
–
Spores
Where are these structures
produced?
–
Sporangia
What specialized tissues found in
ferns (compared to mosses and
liverworts) represent increasing
independence from an aquatic
habitat?
–
Vascular system
Do they have secondary growth
(wood)?
–
Some
Conifers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How does pollination occur?
– Wind
Do they disperse by spores or seeds?
– Seeds
Where are these structures produced?
– Female Cones
What specialized tissues allow them to live in a
terrestrial habitat?
– Cuticle, vascular system, roots, true leaves
Do they have secondary growth?
– Yes
What is the name of the cells responsible for
secondary growth?
– Vascular cambium (lateral meristem)
What reproductive characteristic found in conifers
(compared to ferns) represents increasing
independence from an aquatic habitat?
– Seeds (cones)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flowering Plants
How does pollination occur?
–
Wind and animals
Do they disperse by spores or seeds?
–
seeds
Where are these structures produced?
–
flowers
What specialized tissues allow them to live in a
terrestrial habitat?
–
Cuticle, vascular system, roots, true leaves
Do members of this phylum have secondary growth?
–
Yes
What two structures/organs differentiate flowering
plants from all other plant phyla?
–
Flowers fruit
How do these structures increase
the reproductive success of flowering plants over
conifers?
–
Animal pollination and dispersal
Review Questions
•
What adaptation prevents the shoot (above-ground) from drying
out in terrestrial plants?
–
•
What allows ferns to grow taller than mosses and liverworts?
–
•
seeds
Give two ways animals function to increase reproductive success in
flowering plants.
–
•
Vascular system
What characteristic is found in conifers and flowering plants that
frees them from water during sexual reproduction?
–
•
Waxy cuticle
Pollination and seed dispersal
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
–
Pollination is pollen delivery to stigma
Fertilization is delivery of sperm to egg