Download HAP UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE KEY THE SKELETON GENERAL VOCAB

HAP UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE KEY
THE SKELETON
GENERAL VOCAB:
1. Bones in the axial skeleton make up the trunk of the body (skull, vertebrae and rib
cage). The appendicular skeleton makes up the limbs including the pectoral
girdle/arms and pelvic girdle/legs.
2. Bone markings have 3 functions: to provide movement in a joint, as an
attachment site for tendons and ligaments, as a passageway for blood vessels and
nerves.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
3. Bilateral
4. Standing, feet forward, hands slightly stretched out to the side with thumbs up
5. Equal right and left sides - midsaggital, medial
6. Front and back sections – frontal, coronal
7. Top and bottom half – transverse, cross-section
8. Proximal – closer to origin of attachment or limb-trunk attachment;
Distal
– farther from origin of attachment or limb-trunk attachment
9. Superior – toward head;
Inferior – away from head
10. Superficial – close to surface of limb or trunk;
Deep – farther into the
interior of limb or trunk
11. Medial – close to or toward body midline; Lateral – away from body midline
12. Anterior – front of body, is also ventral area in humans;
Posterior –
back of body; is also dorsal area in humans
THE SKULL
13. Sinuses are openings inside a bone, they provide a passageway for air to flow
through (nasal area) and they are lined with mucus which helps trap dust and
particles that could make you sick.
THE RIBCAGE AND SPINE:
14. Rings of cartilage that are found between each vertebrae. They cushion the joints
between vertebrae and absorb force placed on your spine as it holds your weight.
15. A slipped vertebral disc. The slipped disc can pinch a nerve bundle and cause
pain.
16. Cervical vertebrae are in the neck. They support your head and are much smaller
than the others because they don’t have as much weight. Thoracic vertebrae are
found along the thoracic cavity; they hold more weight and are larger than
cervical. Lumbar have a curve along the base of the back. Their body is largest
because they have to support the majority of the body’s weight.
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
17. Males have thicker bones, smaller pelvic opening and the Ilium is not as flared.
Women have larger hips to support childbirth.
THE LIMBS:
18. Arm: Radius supports the wrist and allows for rotation of the lower arm while
ulna creates the elbow and stays fixed for support. Leg: Tibia is designed for
weight bearing and fibula acts like a stint to support the leg and ankle.
19. The knee is mainly supported by ligaments and tendons which can tear and stretch
if the wrong motion or too much force is placed on them. Most knee injuries are
from twisting the knee while the tibia is planted or by hyper extension of the knee
in the wrong direction resulting in tears.
20. Ligaments and tendons wrap the knee to provide stability, like an ace bandage.
The ACL and PCL cross and are rope like to prevent movement of the knee.
21. Increase the muscle tone so the tendons pull tighter and provide more support.
22. MCL- medial crutiate ligament on the medial surface of knee; ACL- anterior
crutiate ligament and PCL- posterior cruiate ligament; function see #10.
THE JOINTS:
23. They unite the bones, help direct bone movement in the right direction, and
prevent excessive motion of the bones (in the wrong direction).
24. Joints alow mobility in the skeleton and connect bones together
25. Ligaments bind bones together; support the joint and prevent/restrict motion in
the wrong directions
26. Bursae cushion joints with a cavity; act like a tiny “pillow”
27. Origin – end of muscle that is attached to the relatively non-moving bone
Insertion – end of muscle that is attached to the bone the muscle will be moving.
28. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. These tendons wrap around
joints and help keep them stable. The tendons are kept taut by muscle tone,
since a well-toned muscle is normally slightly contracted (not “flabby”). The
tendon/muscle combinations act like “an internal ace bandage”.
29. Synarthrosis
30. Amphiarthrosis
31. Synovial or diarthrosis
32. Gliding- bones slide across each other
33. Example- plane joints like wrist bones or patella
34. No question?!?
35. Rotational- when a bone twists
36. Example- pivot joint like radius rotating around ulna; ball and socket joint in
shoulder or hip
37. Flexion- curling a bone toward another ex- hinge joint bending elbow
38. Extension- moving two bones away from another; increasing angle- extending
elbow at hinge joint
39. Abduction- moving limbs toward medial line of body; ex- condyloid joint closing
fingers together
40. Adduction- moving limbs outwards or laterally; ex- condyloid joint opening
fingers
41. Circumduction- moving limb in a circle- ex- ball and socket joint of shoulder as it
rotates or saddle joint in thumb when you twiddle the thumbs
42. Supination- palms cup up- ex pivot joint holding bowl of soup
43. Pronation- palms face down ex- pivot joint dribbling a basketball “like a pro”
THE KNEE JOINT
44. No question?!?
45. No question?!?
46. The knee actually consists of 2 (says 3 but should be 2!) joints. What are they?
between patella and lower femur; between tibia and femur
47. patellar ligament
48. There are 3 main ligaments that contribute heavily to the knee’s stability.
a. Tibial (medial) collateral – medial side of knee joint – joins medial sides
of tibia and femur. Is a short, broad band.
b. Anterior cruciate – Inside the knee joint – attaches to anterior area of tibia
and goes “cross-ways” to the posterior part of the femur
c. Posterior cruciate – inside knee joint – attaches to posterior area of tibia
and goes “crossways” to the anterior part of the femur
49. Menisci are c shaped discs of cartilage that cushion the knee joint
50. These muscles and their associated tendons wrap tightly around the knee joint
and help keep it stable and in place. The stronger the muscles, the tighter the
“wrap”, and the less chance of injury.
51. it relies heavily on non-articular factors for stability (ligaments; tendons attached
to muscles) and it carries the body’s weight
52. blows to either side of the knee can tear medial collateral ligament; blow from
front of knee can stretch or tear crutiates; high-pressure rotational movements
53. fibrous- ligaments hold them so they can’t move; cartilaginous- bound with
cartilage; synovial- provide movement and have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
54. fibrous- teeth, sutures, binds lower leg and lower arm bones; cartilaginousepiphyseal plate and costal cartilage of ribs; fibrouscartilage of vertebrae and
pelvis; synovial- everywhere else!
55. Examples of synovial:
a. Plane –Intercarpel and intertarsal joints
b. Hinge –elbow, knee
c. Ball and socket –shoulder, hip
d. Saddle –carpel-metacarpel joint of thumb
e. Condyloid –wrist joints – between carpels and radius; metacarpel –
phalangeal joints
f. Pivot –joint between axis and atlas (top 2 vertebrae on vertebral column.
This movement allows you to move head from side to side)
THE FOOT
56. arches provide cushion to the foot; like suspension on a car, they absorb force
from the body during movement.
DISEASES AND DISORDERS:
57. Sprains are stretching of a ligament or tendon. Treatment- RICE (rest, ice,
compress, elevate) to reduce swelling.
58. Tick could carry lyme disease which can lead to arthritis.
59. You can chip or tear cartilage and the pieces inside can disrupt the movement of a
joint. Arthritis is caused by wearing down of cartilage which can lead to
inflammation of the bone.
60. Inflammation of the joint due to overuse of one motion or a bacterial infection. It
will swell and cause pressure and pain.
61. Osteoarthritis- wearing down of the articulating surface causing friction on the
bone. Rheumatoid arthritis- is an autoimmune disease where joints are inflamed;
can scar and cause joint deformity. They both are disorders in the joint due to
malformation of the cartilage.