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Transcript
American Anthropology THE BEGINNING OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN AMERICAN AND CORE CONCEPTS Learning Objectives 1) Develop a timeline for emergence of American anthropology 2) Recognize the influence of European scholars on American anthropology 3) Distinguish between early ideas of cultural and biological variation and current understanding of such processes. (Note: represents a course theme) 4) Describe the scientific method and how it is used to develop theories of cultural change and diversity. Unlinear Evolutionism ‘Armchair’ Anthropologists [Note: As emphasis on scientific methodology grew, both methods and ‘theories’ were challenged] Unlinear Evolutionism Result of ‘Armchair’ Anthropology = _________ __________________________________________ Cultures evolve in a ____________towards an end ________________________________ Cultural traits have a __________________ Unlinear Evolutionism Louis Henjry Morgan Example: Polynesians of the Solomon Islands Unlinear Evolutionism E. B. Tylor Checkpoint: What does ‘living fossils’ mean? Unlinear Evolutionism Summary Negative Positive Historical Particularism Four-Field Approach Emphasized Focused different __________ on demonstrating that _________ ____________________________ Historical Particularism Historical Particularism Emphasized Cultures that _______________________________ should be ____________________________ Methods of cultural analysis = ____________ Rejected _______________________ Historical Particularism Franz Boas -- Father of American Anthropology Cultures _______________________________ _____________________________________ Emphasized _______________ Checkpoint: How is diffusion defined in cultural anthropology? ______________________________________ Example: Subsistence practice Historical Particularism Summary Negative Positive Functionalism Emphasizes the ________________________________ Challenged Important both __________________________ scholars: Malinowski (Father of Ethnography) Radcliffe-Brown Functionalism Malinowski, a Functionalist because of: _______________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________ Cultural customs are____________________________ Structural Functionalism Radcliffe-Brown Role that _______________________________________ Theoretical category of _______________________ Culture & cultural practices ________________, which is maintained by the _____________________________ Viewed _________________________________________ Functionalism Functionalism – Still Present in Anthropology Despite challenges to the general theme, a form of functionalism is still a very active perspective in anthropology “…there are social & cultural systems and that their elements…are functionally related so that they covary,” (Kottak, 2013, p.65) Configurationalism Culture viewed ______________________________ Pulled from both ___________________________________ ________________ is not automatic ___________________________________________ Considered to be part of ________________ anthropology Scholars: Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead Interpretive Anthropology Geertz _______________________________ ____________________________________ Known for his 1973 Balinese cockfighting essay Structuralism Levi-Strauss Idea of structuralism evolved over time ______________________, giving shape to seemingly disparate cultures and creations Main universal structure = ___________________________ Used ___________________to emphasis his point Underlying ________________________ Various Theoretical Perspectives – 20th century Scholar Theoretical School of Thought Morgan Unilinear Evolutionism Tylor Unilinear Evolutionism Boas Historical Particularism, Father of American Anthropology Malinowski Functionalism, Father of Ethnography Radcliffe-Brown Structural Functionalism Benedict Configurationalism, Student of Boas Mead Configurationalism, Student of Boas White Neoevolution Steward Neoevolution, specifically Cultural Ecology Harris Cultural Materialism Durkheim Conscience collectif, or ‘Collective Consciousness’ Turner Symbolic Anthropology Douglas Symbolic Anthropology Geertz Interpretive Anthropology Levi-Strauss Structuralism Scientific method ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Scientific method What is a hypothesis? ___________________ . ___________________ Scientific method Hypotheses are subject to _______________ Must be _________ _________________ _________________ Scientific method What is a theory? ___________________ Can you think of an example of a theory? . Scientific method Induction ___________________ Deduction ___________________ Scientific method Four steps: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
