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Anthropology Hall of Fame Margaret Mead The most famous of the early anthropologists Studied cultures in Pacific islands Compared Samoan teens to American teens Conclusion: personality influenced by society Later focus: gender roles Accused of sloppy methods Used too many personal stories, not enough statistics Many thought she exaggerated the sexual liberation of young Samoans But: she’s an important pioneer, she popularized anthropology Ruth Benedict Studied role of religion human personality Studied Aboriginal peoples of US Plains Culture “personality writ large” i.e., the sum of all the personality types of its people Studied Japanese culture to assist redevelopment after WWII Bronislaw Malinowski Social Anthropologist All social institutions are designed & modified to meet needs of most of the population (founder) Studies & compares social organizations in different societies Studied people of New Guinea & Trobriand Islands His functional theory Rejected Cultural Evolutionism Cultural Evolutionism? All societies develop in a regular series of predictable stages Savage Primitive Sophisticated Criticisms against Cultural Evolutionism: It’s racist Implied that newer is more advanced Ethnocentric, judges Western civilization as best, others compared to it Malinowski: anthropology to explain, not judge Don’t rate cultures, Point out similarities, differences REQUIRES: exhaustive observation & detailed record-keeping Raymond Dart Physical Anthropologist Examine fossils / other remains To understand evolutionary development of humans Skull found 1924, Australopithecus “Southern Ape” Findings disputed 1947, found more evidence supporting claim Today, Australopithecus a valuable discovery Louis & Mary Leakey Likely the most famous family of physical anthropologists 1930’s people thought human origins in Asia Leakey disagreed, went to Africa Australopithecus Homo habilis Experimented with ancient tools how ancestors hunted Thought: study of primates would help us to understand our ancestors Jane Goodall Worked with Leakeys Alpha male wins supremacy, has the right to mate with the females Observed & recorded lives of chimpanzees Initially from a distance, once she gained their trust, from close up Eventually usurped, has a privileged role as respected grandparent Key findings: Our human ancestors: Chimps make & use tools They aren’t strictly vegetarian Highly developed social structure, based on aggression Originally vegetarian, became meat eaters when able to co-operate to hunt They have a social structure Biruté Galdikas Focus: orangutans Why? Share 98% genetic material with humans Foster parent to a 1 year old male Observations (similar to Goodall’s) Highly structured social communities Violence always possible “looking into the …eyes of an orangutan…image of our own creation… Dian Fossey “Gorillas in the Mist” Observed gorillas, from a distance, close up They show affection family Aggression outsiders Common theme: primates share much in common with our early human ancestors