Download Body Systems Overview

Body Systems Overview
Mark Olson, Ph.D., LMT
Some Terms
• Anatomy: Study of gross structures of body
• Physiology: Study of bodily functions
• Histology: Study of tissues
• Pathology: Study of conditions of disease or dysfunction
• Kinesiology: Study of motion
o Structural = origins, insertions, actions of muscles
o Applied = resisted muscle testing for assessment
• Palpation: Tactile observation (with hands) of body structures and tissues
• Medical terminology: (Prefix + Root) OR (Root + Suffix)
Anatomical Position
• Body standing, erect. Feet flat and slightly apart
• Arms down by side
• Palms facing forward, so thumbs point away from body
Planes and Directions (tg 29, c 1-2)
• Body Planes
o Sagittal, Mid-sagittal
o Frontal, Coronal
o Transverse, Horizontal
• Directions
o Medial / Lateral
o Proximal / Distal (extremities)
o Superficial / Deep
o Posterior / Anterior
o *Dorsal / Ventral (same as Post/Ant below head)
o Superior / Inferior (4 vs 2 leg)
o *Rostral (nose) / Caudal (tail)
 Or Cranial (head) / Caudal
 At trunk, Rostral = Superior. Anterior = Ventral
 At front of head, Rostral = Anterior. Ventral = Inferior
o Ipsilateral / Contralateral
Body Cavities (c 7)
• Dorsal cavity
o Protects the nervous system
o Two subdivisions
 Cranial cavity (brain)
 Spinal cavity (spinal cord)
• Ventral cavity
o Houses the internal organs (viscera, or “gut”)
o Two subdivisions divided by diaphragm
 Thoracic (heart and lungs)
 Abdominopelvic
• Abdominal (stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines)
• Pelvic (bladder and reproductive organs)
Cells (c 8)
• Fundamental unit of all living things. Maintain life via metabolism
• 75 trillion (75,000,000,000,000)
• 216 cell types
• Parts: Membrane (protection/absorption), Nucleus (contains DNA), Cytoplasm (cell fluid), Mitochondria (creates
ATP/energy), Lysosome (recycler), Ribosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth: converts
DNA code into protein)
• Replicate via Mitosis (cell division)
Tissues (c 17)
• A group of cells performing the same function
• 4 types
o Epithelial (c 10)
o Connective (c 11-12)
o Muscle (c 13)
o Nervous (c 15)
Epithelial Tissue
• Covers exposed parts of body (separates in from out)
• Lines many internal passages
• Qualities
• Cells tight together
• Polarity: exposed and attached surfaces (connective tissue)
• Avascular
• Innervated
• Regeneration
• Functions
• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Sensation
• Conservation of body heat
Epithelial Membranes
• Serous: Simple squamous. Line and cover organs of ventral cavity.3 types: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
• Mucous: Lines the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems. Secretes mucus
• Cutaneous (skin): Stratified squamous
• Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
• Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
• Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis, and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Glandular Epithelia
• Endocrine secretions
• Hormones secreted into interstitial fluid and blood
• Produced in endocrine glands (ductless)
• Regulate, coordinate activities of other tissues and organs
• Exocrine secretions
• Discharged onto skin or other epithelial tissues
• Released via ducts
• Ex: digestive enzymes, mammary milk, sweat, saliva, mucus, tears, etc
Connective Tissue
• Produces extracellular material consisting of fibers embedded in ground substance.
• Binds, supports and protects body parts
• Vascular
• Cells are found within supportive non-living matrix of fibers
• Functions
o Support
o Protection
o Transport
o Energy Storage
o Defense
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Ground substance – unstructured material, secreted by cells, that fills the space between cells
• Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
• Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells
Connective Tissue Types
• Loose Connective Tissue
– Provides strength, flexibility, and packing material
– Adipose Tissue: contains large number of fat cells, which cushions, insulates, and stores energy
• Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue
– Is tough and strong. Dominated by collagen fibers
– Makes up tendons and ligaments, capsules that surround organs and joint cavities
• Supporting Connective Tissue
– Makes up bone and cartilage.
• Fluid Connective Tissue
– Lymph—interstitial fluid escaping from tissues returned to blood vessels via lymphatic vessels.
– Blood consists of watery plasma and blood cells; three main types of blood cells:
Muscle Tissue
• Contractile tissue produces movement of/within the body
• Vascular
• Types
o Skeletal (striated, voluntary): attach to bones or skin
o Cardiac (striated, nonvoluntary): heart only
o Smooth (nonstriated, nonvoluntary)—walls of hollow organs: blood vessels, air passages, visceral organs.
• Striated vs. nonstriated
• Voluntary vs. non-voluntary
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons—Transmit nerve signals
o Cell bodies, axons, dendrites
• Neuroglia—Support neurons, nourish, insulate, defend from infection
Developmental Aspects
• Three primary germ layers formed early in embryonic development and specialize to form the 4 tissues:
o Ectoderm: nervous, epithelial (skin)
o Mesoderm: muscle, connective, and epithelial
o Endoderm: epithelial, organs of the viscera
Organ
• A structure comprised of 2 or more tissue types
• Most organs are comprised of all 4 tissue types.
Organ System
• A group of organs performing the same function
Levels of organization review
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Organelles
• Cells (75 trillion, 216 types)
• Tissues (4)
• Organs
• Organ systems (11)
• Organism (1)
Metabolism
• Process by which animals maintain life
• Occurs at cellular level
• Opposite chemical process of photosynthesis
• Sugar and Oxygen convert to Carbon dioxide, Water, and Heat. Equation: C6H12O6 + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O + Heat
Medical Terminology
Root Words
component
ARTHRO
BLAST
BRACHIO
BRONCH
CARCIN
CARDIO
CEPHALO
COLO
CRANIO
CYTO
DERMA
HEMO
HEPA
HIST
HYSTER
LEUK
MAMMO
MYO
NEPHRO
NEURO
ONCO
OSTEO
PED
PHLEB
RENAL
SARCO
TOXO
meaning
joints
germ, immature cell
arms
lungs, bronchial
cancer
heart
head
intestines
skull
cell
skin
blood
liver
tissue
uterus
white
breast
muscle
kidney
nerves
mass / tumor
bone / bony tissue
child
vein
kidneys
tissue
poison
example
arthritis = inflammation of joints
blastoma = a cancer made of immature cells
brachial plexus
bronchitis = swelling of the bronchial tubes
carcinogenic = cancer causing
cardiotoxicity = toxicity to the heart
cephalic = relating to the head
colostomy = incision into intestines
craniotomy = cutting into the skull
cytotoxic = toxic to the cell
dermatitis = inflammation of the skin
hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemorrhoid
hepatitis = liver inflammation
histology = study of tissue
hysterectomy = removal of uterus
leukemia = white blood cell
mammogram = breast image
myopathy = disease of the muscle
nephrotoxic = harmful to the kidneys
neurob1ast = an immature nerve cell
oncology = the study of cancer
osteosarcoma = bone cancer
pediatric oncology = study of childhood cancer
phlebotomy = incision into a vein
adrenal = next to the kidneys
sarcoma = tumor of bone, muscle, or connective tissue
toxicology = study of poisons
Suffixes
component
-EMIA
-ECTOMY
-ITIS
-OLOGY
-OMA
-OTOMY
-PATHY
-OSIS
meaning
condition of blood
excision / removal
inflammation
study / science of
tumor
incision
disease
disease / condition
example
anemia = without hemoglobin
nephrectomy = excision of a kidney
hepatitis = inflammation of the liver
cytology = the study of cells
retinoblastoma = tumor of the eye
craniotomy = incision into skull
neuropathy = disease of the nervous system
necrosis = dying cells
Prefixes
component
AN-, AABADBIDYSECTOENDOEPIGLUCOGLYCHYPERHYPOINTERINTRAINFRAPARAPERIPREPOSTSCLEROSUBSUPRASYN-
meaning
without / lack of
away from
near / toward
two / both
difficult / not
outside
inside
upon
glucose
sugar
excessive / above
beneath / below
between
within / inside
beside, about, near
around
before
after
hardening / stiffening
under / below
above
together with
example
anemia = lack of red blood cells
abnormal = away from the normal
adrenal gland = gland near to the kidney
bilateral = both sides
dysfunction = not working properly
ectopic pregnancy = outside the uterine cavity
endoscope = an instrument to look inside the body cavities or organs
epidermis = the outer layer of skin
glucocorticoid = hormone regulating glucose metabolism
hyperglycemia = excessive blood sugar levels
hyperglycemia = excessive blood sugar levels
hypodermic = injection below the skin
intercostal = between the ribs
intravenous = into a vein
infraspinatus = within the spines of the scapula
parathyroid = beside the thyroid gland
pericardium = membrane around the heart
prenatal = before birth
post surgical stage = stage after surgery
scleroderma = hardening of the skin
submucosa = tissue below mucus membrane
supraspinatus = muscle above the spine (of scapula)
syndrome = group of symptoms occurring together