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THIS WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS This glossary contains definitions of certain terms used in this document in connection with our Company and our business. Some of these terms may not correspond to standard industry definitions. “AC” alternating current, an electric current whose direction reverses cyclically “anode saturable reactor” an essential protective component integrated in HVDC convertor valves, used to limit the high rise rate of currents and protect against current surges, and to prevent an off-line convertor thyristor from opening in error which can be caused by a voltage surge “capacitor” a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by an insulator. When a potential difference in voltage exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the insulator. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. Capacitors are used in electronic circuits to block the flow of DC while allowing AC to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power suppliers, and for other purposes “capacitor bank” a system comprising several capacitor units and other electric components mounted on a frame “carrier” a particle that carries electric charge in a semiconductor. There are two types of carriers: (i) electrons, which carry a negative charge; and (ii) holes, which are travelling vacancies in the electron population of the semiconductor and carry a positive charge “convertor” an electric device which converts electric power from the form it is supplied to the form it is needed. The device that converts from AC to DC is called rectifier, while the device that converts DC to AC is called inverter “convertor valve” the key part of HVDC project, generating DC voltage through connecting the 3-phase AC voltage to DC terminal and realising the control of power “current/voltage sensor” a device that measures current and voltage, respectively, at specified points in a power electronic system. A current/voltage sensor is required for the control and protection of a power electronic system, and used in many applications like wind energy, solar energy, electric railway and other industrial applications “DC” direct current, an electric current whose direction is constant 33 THIS WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS “deionised water cooling system” a system that uses deionised water as cooling media. The cooling system dissipates heat from the heat sink to the heat exchanger, where the media is cooled down by dissipating heat to the outside environment or a secondary cooling circuit. Depending on the requirements regarding purity of the cooling media, a water treatment circuit is added to the system “electric locomotive” a locomotive powered by electricity drawn from a power grid “electrified railway” railway with locomotives and MUs powered by electricity drawn from a power grid “EMU” or “electric multiple unit” an electrically driven train consisting of more than one passenger carriage. Instead of using a locomotive, the driving power is distributed to several passenger carriages equipped with motors to achieve greater traction and flexible grouping “film” the main material used for the insulation between the electrodes of a capacitor “freight wagon” a rail vehicle primarily used for carrying goods “fuse” an electric device which protects other electric equipment from over-current “GTO” gate turn-off thyristor, a special type of thyristor and a high-power semiconductor device. GTOs are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their third lead, the GATE lead “heat sink” a semiconductor device, which dissipates heat generated by a semiconductor device. In many applications the heat sinks are water cooled, and therefore connected to the water circuit of the cooling system “high power” power in the range from 0.5MVA to 36MVA “high-speed train” a train with an operating speed exceeding 200 km per hour “HVDC” or “high-voltage, direct current” a HVDC electric power transmission system using direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses “HV power capacitor” a capacitor with a rated voltage of 1 kilovolt or higher 34 THIS WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS “IGBT” or “insulated gate bipolar transistor” a power semiconductor device or module used to switch electric power in electrical appliances. IGBTs are noted for their high efficiency and fast switching and are used in electric traction, windmills, power transmission systems and other convertor applications “IGBT driver” or “gate driver” the controlling device of an IGBT “IGBT power module” a device comprising IGBT and other electric components and applied in a convertor “IGCT” integrated gate-commutated thyristor, a power semiconductor electronic device which is used for switching electric current in industrial equipment and related to the gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor “inductance” the ability of a reactor to store magnetic energy and measured by its inductance, in units of henries (H) “km” kilometer “kV” kilovolt “kw” kilowatt “kwh” kilowatt hour “locomotive” a driving vehicle that mobilises passenger carriages and freight wagons but does not carry passengers or freight (also known as the head of a train) “MW” megawatt “MU” a fixed arrangement of cars which are equipped with driving carriages, non-powered trailers and occasionally, controlling carriages “osmosis” diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). It is a physical process in which a solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semi-permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations 35 THIS WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS “passenger carriage” a car designed for the conveyance of passengers by rail and the provision of service, which is primarily used by a passenger train “power industry” comprises power generation and power transmission and distribution. Power generation refers to the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy. Power transmission and distribution refer to the movement of energy from the place of generation to the place of application “rail vehicles” refers to locomotives, passenger carriages, freight wagons, MUs and large railway maintenance vehicles “rapid transit system” urban mass rapid transit system, including subways and light rails “reactor” a passive electrical component, also called inductor, which stores energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. The main part of a reactor is the conducting element shaped as a coil with loops helping create a strong magnetic field inside the coil. In electrical transmission systems, inductors are used to depress voltages from lightning strikes and to limit switching currents and fault currents. Two or more inductors which have coupled magnetic flux form a transformer, which is a fundamental component of every electric utility power grid “rectifier” an electrical device that converts AC to DC in a process known as rectification “rolling stock” refers to all types of rail vehicles and rapid transit vehicles including locomotives, passenger carriages, freight wagons, MUs, light rail cars and metro cars “semiconductor” a material having an electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Devices made from semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics including radio, computers, telephones, and many other devices. In semiconductors, current can be carried either by the flow of electrons or by the flow of positively-charged holes in the electron structure of the material “SVC” an electrical device used for providing fast-acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks, regulating voltage and stabilising the system “surge current” refers to the instantaneous rise of an electric current 36 THIS WEB PROOF INFORMATION PACK IS IN DRAFT FORM. The information contained herein is incomplete and subject to change. This Web Proof Information Pack must be read in conjunction with the section headed “Warning” on the cover of this Web Proof Information Pack. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS “thyristor” a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P-type material and acts as a bistable switch, which conducts when the gate receives a current pulse and continues to conduct for as long as it is forward biased “urban metro” a single train unit that can be arranged into a subway train and operated on subway lines, including powered vehicles and nonpowered trailers “var” or “VAR” volt-ampere reactive (var) is a unit used to measure reactive power in an AC electric power system in alternating current power transmission and distribution 37