Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Endocrine System Outline II. Endocrine System A. This system contains all of the Endocrine glands that make hormones. B. Hormone - A hormone is a chemical messenger carried in the bloodstream. For example, the adrenal gland makes Aldosterone which travels in the bloodstream to the kidneys and brings the message to the nephron to reabsorb sodium. Not all cells in the body respond to the hormones circulating in the bloodstream. Only cells with lock and key matching receptors to the hormone will respond to the hormone. Those cells with matching receptors are called target cells. C. Pituitary Gland 1. Master gland - Certainly one of the most important endocrine glands in the body, the pituitary does more to regulate body processes and other glands than does any other endocrine gland. It is located just beneath the brain (specifically, the hypothalamus). 2. Growth hormone - This hormone results in growth. Lack of enough GH during childhood results in dwarfism. 3. Prolactin - "Lact-" means milk. When released, this hormone stimulates milk production from the mammary glands. 4. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) - As the name implies, this hormone stimulates the thyroid gland. 5. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) - This hormone stimulates the adrenal gland. 6. FSH & LH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone) - These reproductive hormones will be discussed under the Reproductive System. 7. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) - Although this hormone is actually made by the hypothalamus of the brain, it is secreted from the pituitary gland. We studied it under Excretory System, where we learned that it causes water reabsorption in the kidneys. 8. Oxytocin - This hormone causes the uterus to contract during childbirth. It is also made in the hypothalamus, but released from the pituitary gland. D. Thyroid gland 1. Location - This paired gland is located in the neck region. 2. Thyroid hormone - The thyroid gland makes Thyroid Hormone. Iodine is needed to make this hormone. Salt is iodized in the U.S., and thus iodine is seldom deficient. Seafood is also a source of iodine. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of metabolism in the body. E. Adrenal Gland 1. Location - The adrenal glands are small glands located just above the kidneys. 2. Medulla - The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla. Here, some of your "Fight or Flight" hormones are made. They are released in response to an angry or fearful situation and exaggerate the fight or flight response. a. Epinephrine (Adrenaline) b. Norepinephrine 3. Cortex - The outer portion of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex. Several hormones are made in this region, including: a. Cortisol - A hormone that causes the body to conserve and store energy (glucose), is anti-inflammatory, and suppresses the immune response. b. Aldosterone - This hormone results in sodium reabsorption from the kidneys to the bloodstream. F. Sex organs are certainly endocrine glands, but will be discussed later. G. Pancreas 1. Location - As you recall from studying the pancreas as a digestive organ, it is located just below the stomach. 2. Insulin - Insulin is made by the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Its role is to take glucose out of the bloodstream and allow it to enter body cells, such as brain cells. Thus, it lowers blood glucose. 3. Diabetes Mellitus - There are three types of Diabetes Mellitus. One is associated with pregnancy; Type I is considered the Juvenile Onset Diabetes; and Type II is considered the Adult Onset Diabetes with a heavy hereditary component. Type I Diabetes is due to damage of the endocrine portion of the pancreas, resulting in no, or too little, insulin being made. As a result, glucose stays in the bloodstream and does not enter the cells. In fact, so much glucose stays in the bloodstream, that it spills into the urine. Treatment for this type of Diabetes includes diet regulation, blood glucose monitoring, and daily insulin shots.