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Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: C [Political]:(Pax Romana) Pax Romana translates to Roman peace and was one of the longest periods of peace in its time. The Pax Romana was a 200 year period from 27 B.C.E to 180 C.E. that brought peace and economic prosperity to Rome. After the Senate gave power to Augustus, he laid the groundwork for the stability of the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana was considered the golden age of Rome and brought a stable economy and a united land. During this period, the population of the Roman empire rose to 70 million people and the land area of the empire had reached its peak. In order to maintain the proliferating empire, the Romans built extensive roads to ease the movement of military and communication. Aqueducts were built to supply the increasing population and provide water to cities and farms. Advances in architecture were made through the discovery of concrete. The first library was created along with the Pantheon and the police force. Augustus also created new laws to be fair to nonroman people. People of conquered nations were allowed to get a Roman citizenship.The period of the Pax Romana brought many successes to the Roman empire and allowed Rome to become the economic and political capital of the West. The Pax Romana ended with Marcus Aurelius, whose reign was followed by his disastrous son. The empire began experiencing attacks and hardships during the end of the Pax Romana. Mikhal Ben-Joseph Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet: C Political: Darius I (Module 7) Darius the First can be considered the second emperor of the Persian Empire which began to develop in 2000 BCE. At this time, Achaemenids in the northwest were forming a complex political organization and expanding west and southeast, where the Persian Iranians lived. Cyrus, later known as Cyrus the Great, was the son of a Persian chief and a Median (Achaemenid) princess, and eventually overthrew the Median government. The expanding empire’s throne was then handed down to Cyrus’ son Cambyses, and then to Darius I, a distantly related nobleman who, unlike his predecessors, did not allow significant Median involvement in the government. Darius I was extremely motivated to expand Persian control, and managed to gain control of land as far east as the Indus Valley, northeast as Greece and Bulgaria, and west as Europe. His cultivation of maritime routes was equally as impressive, and explored waters from the Delta to the Red Sea and completed a canal from the Red Sea to the Nile. Perhaps the key factor in Darius’ production of this huge empire was his decentralized political organization. About 20 satraps, or governors, dealt with judicial and legislative matters and collected tributes in provinces that were distant from the King’s central administration location: Susa in Ancient Mesopotamia/Elam. Darius I is also known for the construction of Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of Persia in the homeland. Darius’s son Xerxes, was the next great king of Persia. Vincent Brando Mr. Tavernia World History AP/Period 3 Packet: C [Political] - [Revolts and Revolutions ] Third Century Crisis: It is 235 AD and the Roman Republic is on its knees. The once prosperous civilization of science and culture was beaten down by repeated harrowing from multiple different sources. The first of which was invasion and war. The Hunnic invaders from the Central Asian steppes pressured the Germanic tribes of northeastern Europe to attack Rome. As their armies clashed, other more internal conflicts erupted in Rome. Pestilence and plague worked its way through the streets of roman cities, as a result of population cluster and lack of natural immunity from diseases. This occurred due to migrations. As people from other civilizations crossed Roman borders, population became more concentrated, and pathogens were introduced to the Roman populace that they hadn’t built up natural immunity for. All this, coupled with catastrophic economic collapse, became what is now known as the Third Century Crisis of 235 AD to 284 AD. Gabi Coutinho Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period III Packet C Political: Alexander the Great Son of Philip II, Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E) was a successful military commander and responsible for the conquering and fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. He was a brilliant military strategist and very skilled on the battlegrounds. One of his diplomatic strategies was to adopt the customs of the people he conquered in order to rule large empires and count on collaboration. However, he was ruthless to those who threatened his power. As King of Macedonia in northern Greece, Alexander’s father had turned it into a major Greek military power. He hired Aristotle to tutor Alexander, and recognizing his son’s leadership ability, Philip gave him power to command armies. At age eighteen he won the Battle of Charonea. Upon his father’s assassination, Alexander became King of Macedonia at age twenty, conquered the Persian Empire, and defeated King Darius III’s men at Gaugamela. He expanded his empire and began Hellenization of western Asia. He founded many city-states, such as Alexandria in Egypt. The Egyptians welcomed the Macedonians, preferring their control to Persians’. After his death at age thirty-two, Alexander’s empire was broken down, after a period of chaos, into three kingdoms: the Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid. Luis Garcia Mr. Tavernia Period 3 Packet: C Political: Hellenistic Age The Hellenistic Age is the historical era in which Greek culture was spread and diffused across western Asia and northeast Africa by the political conquest of Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great of Macedonia gained control of one of the largest empires of history through his various political campaigns, including the conquest of the Persian empire. The Hellenistic Age marked the peak of Greek strength and influence. After Alexander’s death, Hellenistic Greece was broken into three major kingdoms, including the Seleucid Dynasty controlling Mesopotamia and surrounding lands, the Ptolemaic Dynasty controlling Egypt and the Hellenistic capital of Alexandria, and the Antigonid Dynasty that remained in northern Greece. . Theme 3: Third Century Crisis The Third Century Crisis was a period in which the Roman Empire almost collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops in 235 C.E., initiating a fifty-year period where there were at least 26 claims to the title of emperor. All 26 men were accepted by the Roman Senate, and therefore became legitimate emperors. By 268 the Empire split into three competing states, but Aurelian reunited the empire from 270-275. The crisis ended in 284 with the rise and changes to the Empire made by Diocletian. The Crisis had several major economic impacts, including a disruption to Rome’s extensive inner trade network and increased localism. The empire also faced hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation. Rishab Jain Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.3 Packet C [Political]: Satraps Satraps were elite people chosen by the king that would look over sectors of the empire. Satraps were a key component of the political system set up in the Achaemenid empire. Satraps was a bureaucracy in a way that acted as an administrative unit used to keep each individual province in order. Satraps was a decentralized form of government in which the king had these satraps to make sure that each area was secure. Under Cyrus the great the idea of satraps was introduced. Although he was the first to implement this form of government, Darius the first was the first emperor to give the satraps more power and increased their number to 36. The job description of the satraps included collecting taxes, controlling local officials, and judge of the land. To make sure that the satraps didn’t take power over their land there were checks and balances such as a scribe and a general that commanded a local militia. Satraps may have solve the local problems of the people overtime it lead to rebellions due to the abuse of power. Darius the first had to deal with a lot of rebellion and violence due to the satraps he appointed. Overall, satraps were local governors that ensured the smooth running of local areas. Paridhi Kapadia Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Pd. 3 Packet C Political: Han Dynasty The Han dynasty was the dynasty of emperors that ruled ancient China from 202 BCE to 220 CE. With it came the idea of an imperial China, that was unified politically and culturally, and which remained in place for a long time. After the political instability and unrest caused by the Xin dynasty, Liu Bang asserted power as empire and began the Han dynasty. One method of appeasement is used for the White Huns was diplomacy as well as unity through marriage. Furthermore, to exit from the economic decline, they had to be frugal, so they used specific methods of land control in which land was given out but easily reverted back to the royal family. The Han dynasty was characterized by the implementation of the Confucianism as the official religion. They required government officials to take civil service exams about Confucianism to be a part of the government. Later, after trying to be diplomatic with the White Huns, they gave up and attacked. With the Han Dynasty came interregional trade routes, like the Silk Road. Leah Kapela Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ Period 3 Packet: C Political: King Solomon King Solomon was an important king of Israel who took rule in about 967 BCE after his father, King David. King Solomon was a very wise and respected ruler both in his time, and in the present. King Solomon is most known for building the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. Although he was young during his rule, he expanded his empire and became very wealthy. Solomon’s kingdom stretched form the Euphrates River in the north, all the way to Egypt in the south. Solomon set up Israelite colonies around his empire in order to establish peace and to look after the military and commercial matters. Solomon also had his kingdom greatly involved in trade with northern and southern countries. All of Solomon’s wise decisions led to bringing the Israelite empire to a peak. The construction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem started after Solomon established his empire. He received building materials from King Hiram in Tyre. It took seven years to complete the temple and it was used for religious practices and sacrifices. Solomon then had his own palace built. Solomon died after 40 years in reign and his son took over. Solomon’s empire started to decline after his son divided it in half. Abhitya Krishnaraj Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet C Political: Sparta Sparta was one of the most prominent city- states in ancient greece. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece. Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at great cost of lives lost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world. Sparta was one of the most politically dominant city- states in the classical world yet died out due to their own independence and stubbornness to work together. Sam Marx Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet C Theme 3: Political- Persepolis The kings of Persia returned to one special place back in the homeland. Ruler Darius I began construction of a ceremonial capital at Persepolis (Parsa). An artificial platform was created, and on it were built a series of palaces, audience halls, treasury buildings, and barracks. Here, too, Darius and his son Xerxes, who completed the project, were inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, for the great Assyrian kings had created new fortress-cities as advertisements of their wealth and power. A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. The great city of Persepolis was built in terraces up from the river Pulwar to rise on a larger terrace, partly cut out of the Mountain Kuh-e Rahmat. To create the level terrace, large depressions were filled with soil and heavy rocks which were then fastened together with metal clips; upon this ground the first palace at Persepolis slowly grew. The top of the stairways led to a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of all Nations. The great palace built by Xerxes I was magnificent in design and dimensions. Jacob Mass Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet C Political: Mauryan Empire The Mauryan Empire was the empire that occupied the region of modern-day India and beyond for part of the classical period. The capital of the Mauryan Empire is Pataliputra, located near the Ganges River. This empire began in 322 BCE, led by Chandragupta Maurya, the first emperor to unify north and south India, and the first in the line of the Mauryan dynasty. Though Chandragupta Maurya is respected for founding this large empire, however, Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire’s third emperor, is known sometimes as the greatest emperor in the area of modern-day India. Ashoka helped to keep the religion of Buddhism alive when he publicly converted to its teachings. Though he did not force his followers to convert with him, many did so anyway, following his example and his encouragement. After fighting and ending the Kalinga War, Ashoka was able to lead the empire in an extended period of peace. However, it was after the end of Ashoka’s rule that the empire began to go downhill. Finally, after years of shrunken territory and weaker kings, the empire was invaded, and fell. However, the Mauryan Empire’s fall was not as harsh as that of the other large empires of the time, as the empire was practically taken right back over by the Gupta Empire in a swift transition period. Nicolas Menendez Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 9 November 2016 Packet C Portfolio Project Political As early civilizations and societies flourish, there is a dramatic increase in population. The easiest way to make sure everyone follows the rules and to establish law was to make some sort of document that details the laws of the society. This was stated in the Hebrew Bible as the Ten Commandments, these ten commandments detail the rules in a Jewish society. The rules dictate the following: I am the LORD thy God, Thou shalt have no other gods, No graven images or likenesses, Not take the LORD's name in vain, Remember the sabbath day, Honour thy father and thy mother, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet. These ten rules are not to be broken and if they are, there will be corresponding punishments. This is the way of life that established political control of the Jewish people as it gave them a series of laws to which the whole society had to abide to. Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet C Political: Political Structures & Forms of Governance An oligarchy is a form of government where only a few people have power. It was very common throughout Ancient Greece. The people with power were made up of the richest, most powerful individuals of the community. In Ancient Greece, this always meant landowners. Owning land was considered the basic requisite for being wealthy. In the Archaic period, another requirement was enough money to have and care for a horse. The cavalry was one of the most important parts of the army at this time. The amount of people with power varied as well. In Athens, the largest city-state, the governing body has varied from 30, 400, even 5,000 at different points in history. It would be considered an oligarchy, and not a democracy, because so much of the population was excluded. Women, slaves, people who were not born in Athens, and people who did not own land were excluded from being a part of the government. Emily Moon Mr. Tavernia AP World History P3 Packet C AP Political Theme: Christianity Although now in many countries there is a separation of the church and the state, there have been many instances in world history in which the politics has played an extremely important role in politics and leadership. For example, the Mandate of Heaven was a philosophy of sorts in China that stated that whoever was ruling at the time had been chosen by a higher power to do his duty for the country. In Christianity, Constantine legalized Christianity, which was a huge landmark for a religion that is now extremely commonplace and popular today. Christianity, along with just religion in general, has long been a determining factor in many political aspects of expansion and more. Traders and missionaries played a huge role in the spread of Christianity, and religion was often used by political leaders as a form of diplomacy to conquer and expand their state to more places. Ephraim Oyetunji Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ Period 3 Packet: C Political: Cyrus Cyrus, the son of a Persian chieftain and a Median princess, united the Persian ethnic groups and usurped the Median leader. He was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian empire and ruled for about three decades. Twenty years after his rise to power, Cyrus conquered all of Anatolia, the kingdom of Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian dynasty. At the time, he created the largest empire in the world. He still showed respect to the forms of government in place and the native traditions. For example, he hired both Persians and Medes to administrate. Cyrus was killed during a battle between nomadic Iranians in the northeast. After his death, his son, Cambyses, picked up where his father left off and conquered Egypt. Emily Pallack Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet C Political:Ancestor Veneration Ancestor veneration mainly takes place in China. It is a central part of the Chinese traditional religion and is still practiced today. Ancestral veneration in the Chinese culture seeks to honor and reminiscence the actions of the deceased; the ultimate homage to the dead. The importance of paying respect to parents (and elders) lies with the fact that all physical bodily aspects of one's being were created by one's parents, who continued to tend to one's well-being until one is on firm footings. The respect and the homage to parents, is to return this gracious deed to them in life and after, the ultimate homage. During a shi ceremony, the ancestral spirit supposedly would enter the personator, who would eat and drink sacrificial offerings and convey spiritual messages. Sacrifices are sometimes made to altars as food for the deceased. For those with deceased in the afterlife or hell, elaborate or even creative offerings, such as servants, refrigerators, houses, car, paper money and shoes are provided so that the deceased will be able to have these items after they have died. Often, paper versions of these objects are burned for the same purpose. Originally, real-life objects were buried with the dead. In time these goods were replaced by full size clay models which in turn were replaced by scale models, and in time today's paper offerings. Austin Park Mr. Tavernia AP World History 4 November 2016 Theme 3: Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty was considered the Golden Age in Chinese history spanning from 206 BC to 220 AD. It came after the Qin Dynasty, which spanned from 221 to 206 BC. The person mainly in charge was called the emperor. He was the one who controlled the government. Even though he had power over the government, he also shared it with the nobility and appointed ministers. The ministers helped to make the decisions and the nobility helped to maintain the power. Below the emperor, he had cabinet members who were commonly know as the Three Councillors of State. They were mainly responsible for drafting the government budget. The emperor controlled their group of countries or states called an empire. The way the emperor expanded his empire was to use the military to conquer neighboring countries or states. After conquering these places, the Chinese traditions were implemented into these areas along with their indigenous elements. Matthew Robbins Tavernia AP World History - Period 3 November 10, 2016 Political - Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian War was the famous battle between the powerful Greek city-states city of Athens and Sparta. After both playing critical roles in holding off the invasions of the Persian Empire the Spartans and Athenians both began to assume preeminence among their neighboring Greek city-states. states. As their powers grew, a rivalry between the two began to emerge. Eventually the Spartans began to fear the growing strength strength of the Athenians, and this would ultimately lead to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. While the Spartans had a formidable ground attack, the Athenians were highly skilled in maritime operations. Therefore, to combat the either, both sides had had to develop the complement to their style. Throughout the battle, there was little use of old styled hoplite battles, and instead there was a heavy reliance on lightly armed mercenaries, sailors, and siege engines to fill in. This was the first Greek war that was heavily reliant on strategy as opposed to mere military strength. Resulting in nearly three decades of constant fighting. Eventually Athens was depleted of almost all resources and was left both exhausted and demoralized, allowing Sparta to capit capitalize and take the victory. Snigdha Sama Michael Tavernia AP World History, Period 3 Packet: C Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict- Sassanid Empire This theme talks about the systems and hierarchies of ruling that have been established in places over time and their effects on the population. The Sassanid Empire was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established by Ardeshir I, a descendant of Sasan. Ardeshir, a Persian citizen, overthrew the Parthian Civilization because he believed it had removed all traces of its traditional Iranian values and stuck to the Hellenistic views that arrived with Alexander the Great. Thus, the Sassanid Empire’s goal was to revive Iranian traditions and remove Greek influence. Society during this period was divided into 4 classes: Priests Warriors Secretaries Commoners Its state religion was Zoroastrianism, which reinforced the social system and Sassanid rule as priesthood had an important part in the social system. This dynasty’s most celebrated ruler was Khosro I, who reformed the bureaucracy and tied the army closely to the state. This empire was characterized by fighting with the Byzantine empire and eventually declined due to years of warfare, too much power to the elites, and eventually succumbed to an Arab invasion. Aaron Thaler AP World History Period 3 Political - Democracy In the context of classical civilizations and empires, a democracy was a system of government where all citizens have equal political and legal rights, but only free adult males had these privileges during this time. This has, for the most part, been the only governmental system from this time period still thriving in today’s political systems. The first political entity to practice democracy was the Greek city-state of Athens. However, it wasn’t representative of the entire population, as only free adult males were represented. Despite the fact that Athens was democratic, democracy has evolved greatly over time. As women’s rights and rights of nonwealthy men have evolved, democracy has come to include people of all races and ethnicities. In today's governments, democracy has proven time and time again to be the most fair, representative, and efficient political system. Coco Zheng Mr. Tavernia AP World History pd. 3 Packet C Shi Huangdi The period of 481-221BC in China is known as the Warring States Period. By 260 BC, China was made up of seven warring states. The Qin state was known for its powerful military, so they sent 30,000 troops to invade Zhao, another powerful state. However, the plan backfired, and the Qin's king's grandson, Prince Ying Yiren was taken prisoner. Upon learning of Ying's status, the Qin state agreed to peace as long as the prince was alive. Then a merchant called Lü Buwei spotted Ying and kept a close eye on him. Ying took an interest in one of Lü's concubines, so he took her to wife. They returned to Qin with a son named Ying Zheng, who was rumored to actually be the bastard son of Lü. Ying Zheng grew up to unite the other six states with Qin. In the process, he merciliessly killed 10,000s, much to the displeasure of Sun Zi (Sun Tzu). To make a point that he was above the kings of the other states of his new empire, he had people address him as Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor. When the Han overturned the Qin dynasty, they decided to emphasis that Ying was merely the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, so now he is called Qin Shi Huang, or First Emperor of Qin. He died while searching for the Elixir of Life and was was buried with Terra Cotta soldiers. His name lives on in the "Made in China" manufacturing labels, for "Qin" was pronounced chinnah in the old days.