Download The French Revolution - Marion County Public Schools

12/13/2013
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Causes of the French
Revolution
Absolute Monarchy
The French Revolution
– Growing discontent and a
weak ruler threatened the
existence of the throne.
Social Inequality
– Clergy = Wealth
– Nobles = Government Jobs
– Bourgeoisie & Peasants =
Resentment
Detail From Triumph of Marat, Boilly, 1794 (Musee des Beaux-Arts)
Causes of the French
Revolution
Economic Problems
– Louis XIV left France deeply in
debt, due to deficit spending,
spending,
or spending more money than it
takes in.
Government Failures
– Weak monarchs and an
unwillingness to reform a broken
system led to more discontent.
Causes of the French
Revolution
Voting Issues
– Only white men who owned
property could vote.
Enlightenment Ideas
– Led people to question the
inequalities of the old regime.
American Revolution
– After a successful revolt removed
colonial rule in America, French
citizens gained confidence in their
convictions.
The Three Estates
Before the revolution the French people
were divided into three groups:
– The first estate: the clergy
– The second estate: the nobility
– The third estate: the common people
(bourgeoisie, urban workers, and peasants).
Legally the first two estates enjoyed many
privileges, particularly exemption from
most taxation.
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The Old Regime
Under the ancien regime,
regime, or old order, everyone in France
belonged to one of three classes…
classes…
First Estate
•The CLERGY
Second Estate
•The NOBILITY
•Enjoyed enormous
wealth and privilege
•Owned about 10
percent of land,
collected tithes, and
paid no taxes
•Provided some social
services
•Owned land but had little
money income
Third Estate
•BOURGEOISIE and
PEASANTS
•Hated absolutism
•Peasants were 98 % of
French population
•Feared losing traditional
privilege, especially
exemption from taxes
•Resented privilege of
first and second estates
The First Estate
The first estate, the clergy, consisted of
rich and poor.
– There were very wealthy abbots, members of
the aristocracy who lived in luxury off of
wealthy church lands.
– There were poor parish priests, who lived
much like the peasants.
Owned about 10
percent of land
Paid no taxes
Provided some social
services
•Burdened by taxes,
miserable wages faced
The Second Estate
The Third Estate
The second estate, the nobility, inherited
their titles and got their wealth from the
land.
The third estate, the common people, was by far
the largest group in France.
Everyone who was not a member of the first or
second estates was a member of the third. It
included:
– Some members of the nobility had little
money,, but had all the privileges of noble rank.
money
– However, most enjoyed both privileges and
wealth..
wealth
The Old Regime
This cartoon is
from the era of
the French
Revolution.
Analyze the
cartoon, and
write a
paragraph of
what you think it
means.
– Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivaled that of the
nobility
– Doctors and lawyers
– Shopkeepers
– The urban poor
– The peasants who worked the land.
The Seven Years’ War
Louis XV
French
and
English
troops
fight at
the battle
of Fort St.
Philip on
the island
of Minorca
Louis XV
War fought in Europe, India, North America
France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions
Increases French national debt
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Louis XVI
Louis XVI was an awkward,
clumsy man who had a good
heart but was unable to relate
to people on a personal level.
– He often appeared unfeeling and gruff.
– He was insecure and seems to have disliked
being King of France.
France.

When one of his ministers resigned, he was
heard to remark, "Why can't I resign too?"
The Palace of Versailles
The King and
Queen of France
lived in luxury
and splendor at
the magnificent
Palace of
Versailles outside
of Paris.
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette, in her
early years as Queen of
France, was flighty and
irresponsible..
irresponsible
– She spent huge amounts
on clothes,
clothes, buying a new
dress nearly every other
day.
– Being Austrian, she was
terribly unpopular in
France and had few
friends.
The French
Royalty
The royal family
lived in luxury at
the Palace of
Versailles.
Hall of Mirrors
The Financial Crisis
The government of France,
France, however, was
bankrupt and was facing a serious
financial crisis.
The crisis resulted from:
from:
– An inefficient and unfair tax structure,
structure, which
placed the burden of taxation on those least
able to pay, the third estate
– Outdated medieval bureaucratic institutions
– A drained treasury which was the result of:
Aiding the Americans during the American Revolution
Long wars with England
Overspending
Where is the Money?
In this cartoon from the time, Louis is looking at the chests and
asks “Where is the tax money?“
– The financial minister, Necker, looks on and says “The money was
there last time I looked."
– The nobles and clergy are sneaking out the door carrying sacks of
money, saying "We have it."
Who drew the cartoon?
Why did they draw the Cartoon?
Where did the cartoon artists
think the money went?
Were the cartoon artists right
about the money?
How would this cartoon
influence the French Revolution?
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The Nobility
With the
exception of a
few liberals,
the nobility
wanted greater
political
influence for
themselves but
nothing for the
third estate.
Calling the Estates General
The King was forced reluctantly to call
a meeting of the Estates General in
1788.
Estates GeneralMeeting of
representatives
from each of the
three estates. The
calling of the
Estates General in
1789 led to the
French Revolution.
The meeting of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789
To Vote by Head or by Order
The delegates of the
third estate insisted
that the three orders
meet together and that
the vote be taken by
head, rather than by
order.
Since there were far
more delegates from
the third estate, this
plan would give them
a majority.
The King refused to
grant their request.
The third estate
refused to budge.
Calling the Estates General
The King attempted to solve the financial
crisis by removing some of the nobles' tax
exemptions.
•However, the nobility saw
themselves as special, with
better blood, and entitled to all
of their class privileges.
•The Parlement, a judicial
organization controlled by the
nobility, invoked its powers to
block the King's move.
The Estates General
When the Estates
General met, each
estate solemnly
marched into the hall
at Versailles.
The third estate
dressed all in black, the
nobility dressed in all
their finery, and the
clergy dressed in full
regalia.
What Is the Third Estate?
"What is the Third Estate?"
Estate?" asked Abbe
Sieyes. "Everything!“
This liberal clergyman rallied the
commoners of France to assert their
power and take charge of the Estates
General.
– At his suggestion, they declared themselves
the National Assembly and invited the other
two orders to join them.
– The next day they found their meeting hall
locked.
– At the suggestion of one of the delegates they
moved to a nearby indoor tennis court.
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Debating the Course of Action
Mounier’s Suggestion
“Let us swear to
God and our
country that we
will not disperse
until we have
established a
sound and just
constitution, as
instructed by
those who
nominated us.”
There they debated their course of
action.
– Some wanted to return to Paris to the
protection of the people.
– Mounier
Mounier,, not ready to take such a
revolutionary step, suggested instead
that they swear an oath of allegiance
not to disband until a constitution had
been created for France
-M. Mounier
The Tennis Court Oath
The delegates agreed and all but one of
the 578 delegates signed it.
– Their oath is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
– It said: "The National Assembly, considering
that it has been summoned to establish the
constitution of the kingdom... decrees that all
members of this assembly shall immediately
take a solemn oath not to separate... until the
constitution of the kingdom is established on
firm foundations..." June 20, 1789
King Asks Third Estate to Disperse
Hearing of the oath, the King called a
meeting of all three orders.
– At the end of the meeting he ordered the third
estate to disperse.
– They refused.
One of the delegates declared that "We
are here at the will of the people, . . . and
. . . shall not stir from our seats unless
forced to do so by bayonets."
bayonets."
Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath- a
pledge made by the
members of
France's National
Assembly in 1789, in
which they vowed to
continue meeting
until they had drawn
up a new
constitution
The Tennis Court Oath by Jacques
Louis David
Third Estate Triumphs
The King was unwilling to use force
and eventually ordered the first and
second estates to join the new
National Assembly.
The third estate had won.
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Activity
Why the Tennis Court Oath was
important?
What was the Estates General?
The National Assembly
The new National
Assembly created the
historic and influential
document The Declaration
of the Rights of Man,
Man, which
stated the principle that all
men had equal rights
under the law.
The National Assembly French Revolutionary
assembly (1789(1789-1791).
Created in the Estates
General, the third estate
came together and
demanded radical change. It
passed the Declaration of
the Rights of Man in 1789.
What was the result?
Declaration of the
Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and the Citizen
"Men are born free and
equal in their
rights....These rights are
liberty, property, security
and resistance to
oppression.
The fundamental source
of all sovereignty resides
in the nation.
The law is the expression
of the general will. All
citizens have the right to
take part personally, or
through representatives,
in the making of the law."
Proclaimed the
equality of all
men, declared
that sovereignty
resided in the
people, and
asserted
individual rights
to liberty,
prosperity, and
security
The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and the Citizen
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The National Assembly
resolved the immediate
financial crisis by:
by:
– Seizing church lands
– Putting the church under the
control of the State with The
Civil Constitution of the
Clergy.
Abbe Sieyes fiercely resisted
the passage of this legislation
and accused the other
delegates of "bourgeois envy."
But he was overruled.
Cartoon representation of the confiscation of church lands
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The Oath of Allegiance
Clergymen were
required to swear an
oath to the new
constitution.
The Revolution,
instigated by the
nobility, and set in
motion by the
bourgeoisie, now
spread to the
common people.
– Many refused to
swear the oath and
were placed under
arrest.
– The measure was
very controversial to a
nation of Catholics
and drew support
away from the new
government.
Bourgeoisie- the
Bourgeoisiemiddle class, typically
with reference to its
perceived materialistic
values or conventional
attitudes.
Conditions in Paris
Conditions were
poor in Paris for the
common people.
Conditions in Paris
Then French troops
marched to the
capital..
capital
• Rumors spread quickly
among the already
restless mobs that the
King was intending to
use the troops against
the people.
• The dismissal of the
Finance Minister
Necker, who was
popular with the third
estate, ignited the
spark.
– The price of bread
was high and
supplies were short
due to harvest
failures.
– Rumors spread that
the King and Queen
were responsible for
the shortages
Activity: Venn Diagram
The
Declaration of
the Rights of
Man (p. 336)
Revolution Spreads to Common People
The U.S.
Declaration of
Independence
& Bill of
Rights
List 5 things for each declaration, with at least
Compare and contrast The Declaration of the
Rights of Man (p. 336) with the US Declaration 2 things in the both category.
of Independence & Bill of Rights.
Mobs Search for
Weapons
Mobs roamed in
search of weapons.
weapons.
– . Although some
muskets were found
when they broke into a
public hospital for
wounded soldiers,
there was no
ammunition
– The ammunition was
stored in the Bastille.
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The Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, the mob,
joined by some of the King's
soldiers, stormed the
Bastille.
After a brief exchange of
gunfire, the commander of
the Bastille attempted to
surrender, but the mob would
not accept it.
– He was taken prisoner as they
poured through the gates.
– After kneeing an attacker in the
groin, the crowd stabbed and
beheaded the commander.
Liberated Prisoners
Later in the day the
prisoners were
released.
There were only
seven:
Demolition of the Bastille
The Bastille was dismantled
by the angry crowd stone-bystone.
– Two were convicted
forgers.
– One was a looseloose-living
aristocrat put in prison
by his own father.
Liberated prisoners parading
later in the day
The storming of the Bastille
quickly became a symbol of
the French Revolution, a blow
to tyranny. Today, the French
still celebrate July 14 as
Bastille Day or Independence
Day.
Bastille
a fortress built in
Paris in the 14th
century and used
as a prison in the
17th and 18th
centuries; it was
destroyed July
14, 1789 at the
start of the
French
Revolution
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The Great Fear
By the end of July and
beginning of August
there were riots in the
countryside.
Peasants burned their
nobles' chateaux and
destroyed documents
which contained their
feudal obligations. It was
called "The Great Fear."
The National Assembly on the night of August 4, 1789
Women’s March to Versailles
On October 4, 1789, a
crowd of women,
demanding bread for their
families, marched toward
Versailles.
When they arrived, soaking
wet from the rain, they
demanded to see "the
Baker," "the Baker's wife,"
and "the Baker's boy".
The Night of August 4
The National Assembly responded to the
Great Fear. On the Night of August 4,
1789, one by one members of the nobility
and clergy rose to give up relics of
fuedalism::
fuedalism
– Feudal dues
– Serfdom
– The tithe
– Hunting and fishing rights
– Personal privileges.
In one night feudalism was destroyed in
France.
Medallion commemorating the Night of August 4, the
end of feudalism in France
Women’s March to Versailles
The women broke into the palace and destroyed the
Queen’s Chambers
The King met with some of the women and agreed to
distribute all the bread in Versailles to the crowd.
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The King’s Return to Paris
Under pressure from
the National Guard,
the King also agreed
to return to Paris
with his wife
and children.
It was the last
time the King
saw Versailles.
Activity
The Flight to Varennes
Although the King
reluctantly accepted the
new constitution, he
could not accept all the
reforms (e.g., the Civil
Constitution of the
Clergy) and decided to
leave the country.
Why was the Storming of the Bastille
important?
Describe the march to Versailles?
What was the result of that march?
The Flight to Varennes
On June 20, 1791, the
King and his family set out
for the border in a
carriage.
Paris
Varennes
– The King was disguised as
a steward and his son was
wearing a dress.
– At the border village of
Varennes, he was
recognized and eventually
apprehended.
The apprehension of Louis XVI at Varennes
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The Paris Mob
The news of the
King's flight destroyed
the last of the King's
popularity with the
people of Paris.
The popular press
portrayed the royal
family as pigs and
public opinion
plummeted.
The Paris Mob
Increasingly there
were demands for an
end to the monarchy
and the creation of a
new kind of
government, a
republic.
Attack on the Tuileries
The royal family was living
under house arrest in the
Tuileries Palace.
An angry mob got into the
building on June 20, 1792, and
found their way to the King.
– The crowd shouted insults and
was in an ugly mood.
– The King remained calm and
obediently put on the red cap of
liberty (a symbol of revolution) at
the mob's insistence.
The End of Constitutional
Monarchy
On August 10, 1792,
30,000 angry French
citizens attacked the
Tuileries again.
– This time the royal
family barely
escaped with their
lives.
– The constitutional
monarchy was over.
Pressure from the Paris Mob
When the mob thrust a bottle
of wine at the King, he drank a
toast to the health of the
nation but refused to change
his position on the clergy.
– A religious man, the King felt it
would violate his conscience to
agree to the mob's demands.
The incident ended without
bloodshed but by August the
mob was back.
The End of Constitutional
Monarchy
Although the royal family had already fled the
palace for the relative safety of the
Assembly's meeting place, the Swiss guards
that were stationed at the palace opened fire
on the crowd.
crowd.
They were quickly overpowered,
overpowered, and most of
the Swiss soldiers were hacked to death by
bystanders - it was the bloodiest day of the
Revolution so far.
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Spreading the Gospel of Revolution
August 10, 1792, attack on the Tuileries
Activity
Write an essay comparing and contrasting
the Women’s March to Versailles with the
two attacks on the Palace of Tuileries.
Factions
During the constitutional monarchy there
were two factions vying for power, the
Girondins and the Jacobins.
Although both groups were more radical in
their views than the moderates who had
designed the constitutional monarchy, the
Girondins were somewhat less radical.
In late 1791, the Girondins first emerged
as an important power in France.
The French Revolution took
on the character of a
religious crusade.
It was not enough to have a
revolution at home. The
gospel of revolution must be
spread to the rest of Europe.
Europe.
France declared war on
Prussia and Austria and
proclaimed that it advanced
the cause of liberty.
The French Flag
The Marquis de
Lafayette, commander of
the new National Guard,
combined the colors of
the King (white) and the
colors of Paris (blue and
red) for his guardsmen's
uniforms and from this
came the Tricolor, the
new French flag.
The Rise of the Jacobins
When the constitutional monarchy fell and the
King was put on trial for treason in December,
the Girondins argued against his execution.
The Jacobins thought he needed to die to
ensure the safety of the revolution.
When the Jacobins were successful the tide
turned against the Girondins.
The Jacobins in the National Convention had 22
Girondin leaders arrested and executed. The
Jacobins had won.
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The September Massacres
The country was embroiled in a
foreign war.
The new government had declared
war against the powerful Austria
and in the beginning it did not go
well for France.
Complicating matters was the fact
that counter
counter--revolutionary
Frenchmen were working with
Austria in the hopes of turning back
the revolution.
In France people saw countercounterrevolutionaries under every rock.
Robespierre
Lawyer and politician, leader of
Committee on Public Safety in
early 1793.
Titled “the In-corruptible”.
Stated “Liberty can’t be secured
unless criminals lose their
heads”. & “Can achieve a
republic of virtue only through
the use of terror”.
Promoted religious tolerance and
sought to abolish slavery.
Follower of Rousseau’s teachings.
Georges-Jacques
GeorgesDanton
French revolutionary leader who
stormed the Paris bastille and
who supported the execution of
Louis XVI but was guillotined by
Robespierre for his opposition
to the Reign of Terror (17591794)
Georges-Jacques Danton rose in the
GeorgesAssembly on September 2nd 1792 and
boomed out these memorable words in
his deep bass voice:
"When the tocsin sounds, it will not be a
signal of alarm, but the signal to charge
against the enemies of our country. . . To
defeat them, gentlemen, we need
boldness, and again boldness, and always
boldness; and France will then be saved."
The Committee of Public
Safety
Created to stop
an internal
rebellion in 1793
Given dictatorial
power
"Terror is nothing other
than prompt, severe,
inflexible, justice"
Reign of Terror
July 1793-July 1794,
hasty trials were
conducted.
40,000+ were
executed, many
unjustly.
Guillotine was the
instrument of
horror and death.
Robespierre’s death
marked the end of
the Reign of Terror.
Ruled France for
nearly a year
A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety
Watch Committees
The Terror was designed to fight the
enemies of the revolution,
revolution, to prevent
counter--revolution from gaining
counter
ground.
Most of the people rounded up were
not aristocrats, but ordinary people.
– A man (and his family) might go to the
guillotine for saying something critical of
the revolutionary government.
– Watch Committees around the nation
were encouraged to arrest "suspected
persons, ... those who, either by their
conduct or their relationships, by their
remarks or by their writing, are shown
to be partisans of tyranny and
federalism and enemies of liberty" (Law
of Suspects,
Suspects, 1793).
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King Louis XVI
Beheaded for Treason
Crowds lined the street to
taunt the King as he was led
to the guillotine. He
remarked, "There is no
longer a King in France."
More Beheadings
Marie Antoinette was
executed for treason nine
months after her husband
"I forgive those who
are guilty of my
death"
Activity
Write a full paragraph reflection of what it
would have been like to have been in
France during the Reign of Terror.
Louis XVII: died in
prison
Mary Therese:
survived
The Last Victim of the Reign of Terror
Even the radical Jacobins, the supporters of
Robespierre, come to feel that the Terror must be
stopped.
– Danton rose in the Convention calling for an end to the
Terror. He was its next victim.
– When Robespierre called for a new purge in 1794, he
seemed to threaten the other members of the
Committee of Public Safety.
The Jacobins had enough.
– Cambon rose in the Convention and said “It is time to
tell the whole truth. One man alone is paralyzing the will
of the Convention. And that man is Robespierre.”
Robespierre.”
– Others quickly rallied to his support.
– Robespierre was arrested and sent to the guillotine the
next day, the last victim of the Reign of Terror.
Nationalism
The Directory
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s
country.
People had grown tired of the instability
and bloodshed of the revolution and were
ready for something more moderate.
Change in Loyalty
With the Louis XVI’s
execution, loyalty shifted
from king or queen to
defending the nation
itself.
By 1795, the republic was gone, and 5
men with business interests had the
executive power in France.
France.
This new government was called The
Directory.
– It was far more conservative than the Jacobin
republic had been.
– It was also ineffective.
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Napoleon rise to power
WHY?
the Directory (5 men) that took over after
the death of Robespierre was corrupt,
inefficient and unpopular with the people
Who was Napoleon?
1769-Napoleon born in Corsica
At 9, he was sent to a military school
At 16, finished school and became a
lieutenant
At 25, Was appointed general of the
French army
Napoleon was a French war hero – people
urged him to take control
At 25, Fought against Austria and
won a series of victories, and
became a French hero
5 feet 6“
Napoleon did a Coup d’ etat
HOW:
Napoleon took
control in 1799
in a coup d’ etat
Napoleon restores order
A. Napoleon ended the war
against Austria, Prussia
and Britain in 1802
B. Fixed the economy
What is a coup d’ etat?
The sudden overthrow of a
government by a usually small group
of persons
Napoleon restores order
C. Reopened the Churches
During the revolution, churches
were banned.
Got support from the Catholics
in France
D. New system of laws
(Napoleonic Code)
Eliminated injustices and
limited liberty
Adopted a new taxing system
and national bank
Ended unfair tax laws
Napoleonic Code
Code of Laws
Ended many injustices
Promoted order
Gave France a uniform code of
laws
But…
Women lost many rights
Freedom of Press and Speech
limited
Restored slavery in the French
colonies
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Napoleon became an Emperor
In 1804, Napoleon crowned
himself an Emperor for life
WHY:
To show that he had total
control
No one was to control him, not
even the Pope/Catholic Church
Wanted to be just as successful
as former Emperors from the
Roman Empire
Napoleon’s Foreign Policy
Goal:
Control the rest of
Europe and regain
power in the Americas
Why did Napoleon sell the
Louisiana Territory?
In the Americas
Napoleon sold the
Louisiana Territory to
U.S. for $15 million in
1803
Activity
What is a Coup d’ etat?
?
Napoleon hoped to get the money he
needed to continue his conquest of
Europe
How did Napoleon become emperor?
What were the two foreign policy goals of
Napoleon?
Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana
Purchase to the United States?
FRENCH COLUMN VS.
LINE
Battles of Napoleon
Conquered many countries
Took over part of Italy, set up gov’t in Switzerland
Britain set up Coalition
Russia, Austria, Sweden, Prussia, Britain
Napoleon not fazed
Tactics:
Rapid offensives supported by heavy barrages of
artillery
Large# troops concentrated in key battle positions.
Living off the land
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Battle of the Ulm
October 1805
Battle of Austerlitz
December 1805
73,000 French
defeated 87,000
Russians and
Austrians
20,000 prisoners,
15,000 dead
Invading Austrian
Empire
50,000 Austrians
forced to
surrender
Austria forced to make
peace
Battle of Jena
Battle of Freidland
June 1807
October 1806
French army decisively
defeats Russian army
Devastating victory
against Prussia
Killing or wounding
27,000, 18,000 prisoners
France defeated Russian
troops
French Troops occupied
Berlin
- France occupied
Konigsberg, capital of East
Prussia!
Began to March East
The Battle of Trafalgar
WHAT:
In his drive to build an
Empire, this is the only
major battle that
Napoleon lost
EFFECTS:
Lost against his main
enemy; Britain
The French fleet was
destroyed
WHERE and WHEN?
Took place in 1805,
off the coast of Spain
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Napoleon’s Stronghold
Napoleon built greatest European empire
since Rome
Either annexed, or controlled most of
Europe
The rest were attached through treaties
The vast empire lasted only 5 years
How did Napoleon create an Empire?
Activity
What was the result of the Battle of the Ulm?
?
HOW?
Napoleon set up “puppet
governments” in
neighboring countries
What was the result of the Battle of Freidland?
What was the result of the Battle of Trafalgar ?
WHAT is that?
Created a foreign
government that
pretended to be
independent but did
whatever NAPOLEON
wanted it to do
What are “puppet governments” ?
Napoleon appoints relatives to
rule foreign nations such as
Holland, Spain, parts of Italy
Activity
Write a possible test question that addresses
what we have learned today.
NAPOLEON’S THREE MISTAKES
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1. The Continental System
The Continental System, 1806
WHAT:
Napoleon set up a blockade (closed all ports)
against Britain - no goods could reach Britain and no
British goods could reach Napoleon’s empire
Why was it a failure?
- Smugglers brought goods into Empire
- Allies ignored blockade
2. The Peninsular War
Invasion of Spain in 1808
WHY:
Napoleon sent his army
through Spain to try to get
Portugal to join the
blockade of Britain
Spanish people protest
Napoleon removed the
Spanish King and put
his own brother on the
throne  more protests
Turned into a Guerrilla War
WHAT:
Small groups of Spanish peasants
fighters attacked and
then fled into hiding
Britain helped Spain
France had no chance
WHY a failure?
France lost 300,000 men
which weakened the empire
3. Invasion of Russia
WHY?
Russia refused to stop
trading with Britain
France attacked Russia
with an army of 420,000
men
The French army was
not prepared for the
cold winter, many died
of hunger and cold
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Scorched-Earth Policy
Turning point: Russia sets Moscow on
fire and destroys the city 
Napoleon
decides
to retreat
WHAT:
Burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock
while pulling back to leave nothing for the enemy to eat
The retreat from Moscow had devastating effects on
the French Army
Only 10,000 were left to fight
Activity
Create an Artistic Rendering of each of
Napoleon's Three Mistakes.
The Continental The Peninsular
System
War
Invasion of
Russia
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE COLLAPSES
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Why is it a bad idea to
invade Russia? If you had
to do it what would you do
to avoid the fate of
Napoleon’s army?
1812
WHAT happened?
Napoleon’s
enemies…Britain,
Russia, Prussia,
Sweden and even
Austria declared
war against
France in 1812
Russian army
enters Paris
Europe in 1812
Napoleon’s Downfall
Napoleon wanted to fight on, his generals refused
Napoleon’s Downfall
March 1814 the Russian Czar and Prussian King
parade through Paris
The Island of Elba
As a punishment, Napoleon
was sent to the island of
Elba, located off the
Italian coast
April 1814, Napoleon agreed to surrender
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Elba
The Hundred Days
WHAT:
Napoleon escaped from
the island and regained
power
100 Days - Napoleon’s return to power
Napoleon was once again
the Emperor of France,
ruled France for 100
days
The Battle of Waterloo
Louis XVIII, the brother of the guillotined king, became
King after Napoleon was exiled.
Napoleon’s last battle
People didn’t like the new King.
The French fought the British, Prussian, Dutch
and Belgians in Waterloo, Belgium in 1815
Napoleon lost and abdicated as Emperor of
France
Napoleon easily regained full power
Louis XVIII
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
The Island of St.
Helena
(June 18, 1815)
Re-exiled to St.
Helena (South
Atlantic)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
•The Duke of Wellington out maneuvered Napoleon and
defeated him at Waterloo
4000 miles from
Europe
Died in 1821 of
a stomach ailment
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St. Helena
Activity
Analyze This Quote---Do You Agree---Why
or Why Not? (paragraph minimum)
"I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought
order out of chaos. I rewarded merit
regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I
found it. I abolished feudalism and
restored equality to all regardless of
religion and before the law. I fought the
decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime
because the alternative was the
destruction of all this. I purified the
Revolution.“
– Napoleon Bonaparte
Did Napoleon betray the Revolution or fulfill it?
Economy
Goals of the *Equal taxation
*Lower Inflation
French
Revolution
Napoleon’s
Actions
*Fair tax system
*National Bank
*Stabilized
Currency
Results
Government
and Society
Religion
Reduce government
corruption.
Reduce the power
of the Church.
Equal access to power.
Religious
Tolerance.
Merit based civil
service.
Catholicism set
up as cultural
religion.
lycees to train
bureaucrats.
Unified Legal Code.
Separation of
Church and State
maintained.
*Equal Taxation
Efficient government.
*Stable Economy
Equal opportunity.
Religious
tolerance.
Public education.
Secular State.
What was the Congress?
WHAT
A series of meetings in
Vienna, Austria
WHO:
Representatives from
Russia, Prussia, Austria,
Britain and France
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
A conference of European powers in 1814–15 whose
goal was redrawing country boundaries, and the
restoration of monarchical governments.
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian minister
Dominated the meeting
and European politics
between 1814-1848.
Was against democracy
WHEN:
1814-1815
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Why did the Congress take place?
To establish a long lasting peace and
stability
To ensure that France could never again
pose a threat to the rest of Europe
THREE MAIN IDEAS IN WHAT
BECOMES KNOWN AS THE
METTERNICH SYSTEM
1. Balance of power
No European country should be more
powerful than any other
2. Legitimacy
WHAT:
Restore to power as many Kings and Queens as
possible that Napoleon had replaced with his
friends and family members
WHY:
It would stabilize Europe
3. Containment of France
WHAT
Weaken France, to prevent
future wars
Coalition forces
would occupy France
for 3-5 years.
Containment of France
WHAT:
Make the surrounding
nations stronger
The former Austrian Netherlands
and Dutch Republic were united
to form the Kingdom of
Netherlands
A group of 39 German States were
loosely joined as the new
created German Confederation
Switzerland was recognized as an
independent nation
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Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Why was the Congress
considered a success?
Involved a cooperation of all major European
nations
Created a new balance of power
Peace lasted for 40 years
Future Problems
They redrew the map of
Europe without
thinking about ethnic
groups or nationalism.
They underestimated
the power of
Nationalism that had
spread.
Germany wanted to be
a strong unified
nation.
Activity
Write three possible test questions that address
what we have learned about the Vienna Congress.
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