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The Cardiovascular System:
The Heart & Blood Vessels
黃敏銓
德國敏斯特大學 細胞生物學/遺傳學 博士
主修：細胞生物學/遺傳學 第一副修：微生物學 第二副修：生物化學
基醫大樓6樓 0646室
[email protected]
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Position and surface projection of the heart
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Pericardium and heart wall
Heart wall
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Structure of the heart: surface features
Anterior external view
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Structure of the heart: surface features
Posterior external view
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Structure of the heart: internal anatomy
Anterior view of frontal section
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Valves of the heart
and great vessels
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Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Functions:
a) Attachment of heart valves
b) Insertion of cardiac muscle bundles
c) Prevention of valve overstretching
d) Electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles
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Systemic and pulmonary circulations
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2
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Coronary (cardiac) circulation: coronary arteries
Anastomoses
Collateral circulation
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Coronary (cardiac) circulation: coronary veins
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The conduction system of the heart
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Autonomic innervation
of the heart.
Dorsal motor nucleus
of vagus
The vagus nerve
(parasympathetic)
decreases heart rate.
Cardioinhibitory
center
Cardioacceleratory
center
Medulla oblongata
Sympathetic
trunk
ganglion
Thoracic spinal cord
Sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic cardiac
nerves increase heart rate
and force of contraction.
AV
node
SA
node
Parasympathetic fibers
Sympathetic fibers
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Interneurons
Location of valves (purple) and auscultation sites (red)
for heart sounds
Heart sounds: blood turbulence
S1: AV valves
S2: semilunar valves
S2
S1
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The Cardiovascular System:
Blood Vessels
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Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Vein
（動脈）
（小動脈）
（微血管）
（小靜脈）
（靜脈）
Systemic veins and venules
(blood reservoirs)
60%
Vasa vasorum（血管滋養管）
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Artery
Vein
(intima)
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Elastic arteries
The largest-diameter arteries
Ascending aorta
Common iliac
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Muscular arteries
The medium-sized arteries
Left brachial
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Arteriole: control
resistance
Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
― control blood pressure
and blood flow to a tissue
Metarteriole
Thoroughfare
channel
True
capillaries
Terminal arteriole
Postcapillary venule
Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries.
Terminal arteriole
Postcapillary venule
Sphincters closed—blood flows through metarteriole –
thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries.
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Continuous capillary: brain,
skeletal and smooth muscle,
connective tissue, lungs
Fenestrated capillary: kidneys,
villi of the small intestine,
choroid plexuses
sinusoid: red bone marrow,
liver, spleen, anterior pituitary
gland, parathyroid gland
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Venule
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The smallest venule has only a few
scattered smooth muscle fibers and
fibroblast.
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The walls of the smallest venules are
very porous.
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Many leukocytes emigrate through
the postcapillary venules during
inflammation.
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Venous valve: two or more thin folds of
tunica interna that form cusps pointing toward
the heart
(b) Varicose veins(靜脈曲張): leaky venous valves
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Circulatory routes
• Systemic circulation
– Coronary circulation
– Cerebral circulation
– Hepatic portal circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
• Fetal circulation
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Circulatory routes
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The aorta and its branches
Arch of aorta
Ascending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
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Ascending aorta and its branches
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
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Arch of aorta and its branches
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Brachiocephalic trunk and its branches in neck and head
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Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)
Anastomoses
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Circle of Willis
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Radial pulse
Brachial artery
橈動脈
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
尺動脈
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Thoracic aorta
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Abdominal aorta and its branches
Celiac trunk: left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery
Celiac trunk
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Abdominal aorta and its branches
Superior mesenteric artery
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Abdominal aorta and its branches
Inferior mesenteric artery
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Arteries of the pelvis and lower limb
Common iliac artery: internal iliac & external iliac
Aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Anterior view
Internal iliac arteries:
Pelvic vescera and wall
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Figure 20.15 Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb.
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Superior gluteal artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Deep artery of thigh
Lateral circumflex
femoral artery
Descending branch
Medial circumflex
femoral artery
Obturator artery
Adductor hiatus
Popliteal artery
Popliteal artery
Genicular artery
Anterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Fibular artery
Fibular artery
Lateral plantar
artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery
Medial plantar
artery
Plantar
arch
Dorsal metatarsal
arteries
Anterior view
Dorsalis pedis
artery (from top
of foot)
Posterior view of leg
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Veins of the systemic circulation
1. Coronary sinus
2. Superior vena cava
3. Inferior vena cava
deliver deoxygenated
blood to the right atrium
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Principal veins of the head and neck
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Principal veins of the right upper limb (superficial veins)
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median antebrachial vein
Median cubital: injection,
transfusion, blood
withdraw
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Deep veins usually accompany arteries that have similar names
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Most thoracic structures are drained
by the azygos system of veins
Azygos
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Principal veins of the pelvis and lower limbs
Great saphenous veins: the
longest veins in the body
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Hepatic portal circulation
― deliver venous blood from the organs of gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
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Figure 20.22a The hepatic portal system.
Arterial blood
Venous blood
Stomach and intestine
Liver
Nutrients and
toxins absorbed
Inferior
vena cava
Liver cells (hepatocytes)
Nutrients
and toxins
leave
Hepatic
portal vein
Hepatic
vein
Second capillary bed
(liver sinusoids)
First capillary bed
Hepatic portal system
Schematic of the hepatic portal system
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Fetal circulation
Circulation after birth
Fetal circulation
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