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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Sociology
 What is Sociology? Any ideas? What do you
already know?
 Sociology is the social science that studies
human society and social behavior.
 -Sociologists make connections between
behavior and society by asking questions and
solving problems.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
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Create 6-10 questions you would ask
these people to better understand
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
their society.
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
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Create 6-10 questions you would ask
these people to better understand their
society.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Understanding the significances of
studying human behavior activity
 Create a list of as many things as you can think of to describe
yourself.
 Review your list and then cross off everything listed that
describes yourself as an individual. (hair color, academic
achievements) Leave all the things that describe you in terms
of your relationships with others. (positions in your family,
groups and friends)
 All of those items still listed are indications that we are not
simply members of a society but that we also identify
ourselves in social terms.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 1
The Sociological Point of View
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Section 2: Sociology: Then and Now
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Objectives:
 Describe what sociology is and explain what it
means to have a sociological imagination.
 Explain how sociology is similar to and
different from other social sciences.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Ch. 1 section 1 Terms and People (Define and Identify)
 Anthropology Economics History Political Science Psychology Sociological Imagination Social Interaction-
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 Sociological Perspective Social Phenomena Social Psychology Social Science Socialism C. Wright Mills-
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Comparing Sociology to
Other Social Sciences
 SIMILAR: examines the relations between
society and culture, the individual economics,
politics, and past events which are all the focus
of one or more of the social sciences
 DIFFERENT: sociologists are mainly
interested in social interaction and tend to
focus on the group rather than the individual
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section: 1 Examining Social Life
Question:
How can having a sociological perspective help one
look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden
meanings behind human actions?
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section: 1 Examining Social Life
1. The sociological perspective helps you see that all
people are social beings.
2. It tells you that your behavior is influenced by social
factors and that your learned behavior is influenced
from others.
• The clothes that you wear.
• Voting for the same candidate as your
parents.
3. The sociological perspective allows you to see beyond
your own day to day life by viewing the world
through other’s eyes.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section: 1 Examining Social Life
1. Using the Sociological perspective is a fresh way of
looking at a familiar surrounding.
2. Look at paperweight / snow globe with the snow
scene in it. This represents a microcosm (a little
world) of society. You are not part of that society,
you are separated from it and therefore, are able to
see it from all angels with an objective perspective.
3. This is the perspective of sociologist. It has no
biases, no prejudices. This is how one should study
societies throughout the world.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Question:
What does it mean to have a Sociological
Imagination?
 A sociological imagination is the ability to see the
connection between the larger world and one’s
personal life.
 C. Wright Mills describes this as:
“the capacity to range from the most impersonal and
remote to the most intimate features of the human selfand to see the relations between the two.”
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Teacher
SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION
Future of the world
My connection
between the
larger world and
my own personal
life.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Examining Social Life
Individual
Teacher
SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION
Donating Blood
Future of the world
My connection
between the
larger world and
my own personal
life.
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SECTION 1
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Examining Social Life
Illustration
SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION
?
?
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Create your own
Illustration
?
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 Pg.7 in book
 Quick Assignment:
 You will be assigned to one of the following
groups, you are to figure out 2 things:
1) Define and explain what this area of the
Social Sciences deals with.
2) How does this area overlap with sociology?
How would a sociologist use this discipline in
their work? Create an example.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Sociology: Then and Now
Objectives:
 Describe how the field of sociology developed.
 Explain how the focuses of the three main
theoretical perspectives in sociology differ.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Conflict PerspectiveDysfunctionalFunctionFunctionalist PerspectiveIdeal TypeTheoryInteractionist perspectiveLatent FunctionManifest Function-
Social DarwinismSymbolSymbolic InteractionTheoretical PerspectiveVerstehen-
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Sociology: Then and Now
The Development of Sociology
 The rapid social and political changes that took place in
Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution
 Rapid growth of urban populations produced a multitude of
social problems
 Over time, it became more difficult to ignore the effect of
society on the individual
 Sweeping political, social, and economic changes caused some
scholars to question the traditional explanations of life and
attempted to prove their beliefs using a variety of methods
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Sociology took roots in the 1800’s
 The most influential early sociologist were;
 Auguste Comte
 Herbert Spencer
 Karl Marx
 Emile Durkheim
 Max Weber
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Auguste Comte
- Comte is a French philosopher
(1798-1857) considered to be the
founder of sociology.
- Auguste coined the term sociology
to refer to the study of society.
- Focused on two areas:
-
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Social order – Social static
Social Change – Social Dynamics
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was a
renowned English philosopher and sociologist known for applying
evolutionary theory to the study of politics and ethics. He coined
the term "survival of the fittest" before it was used by Charles
Darwin. Although considered a radical at the time, Spencer was
a close contemporary of many famous philosophers and scientists
such as Darwin, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Huxley and became
highly respected during his lifetime
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Georg Simmel
 (1 March 1858 – 28 September 1918) was a
German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
 Simmel was one of the first generation of German
sociologists: his neo-Kantian approach laid the
foundations for sociological antipositivism, asking
'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's
question 'What is nature?',
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Karl Marx
Marx was born May 5, 1818, in city of Trier in
Germany. He was a German philosopher, economist,
sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary
socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for
the current understanding of labour and its relation
to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent
[4
economic
thought.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

What holds society together?

To answer this question Durkheim compared pre-modern and
modern societies

Mechanical Solidarity existed in primitive societies. People in
pre-modern community were alike and functioned as “simple
machine”

Collectivism dominated over individualism. All the people
shared the same beliefs and values.

Durkheim used term “Collective Consciousness” to reflect the
shared ideas, values, and goals
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Jane Addams
 (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was a pioneer
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settlement worker, founder of Hull House in
Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author,
and leader in woman suffrage and world peace.
Addams became a role model for middle-class
women who volunteered to uplift their
communities. In 1931 she became the first
American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Charles Horton Cooley
 (August 17, 1864 – May 8, 1929) was an American
sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He
studied and went on to teach economics and sociology
at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding
member and the eighth president of the American
Sociological Association. He is perhaps best known for
his concept of the looking glass self, which is the
concept that a person's self grows out of society's
interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Max Weber
 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German
sociologist, philosopher, and political
economist whose ideas influenced social
theory, social research, and the entire discipline
of sociology.[4] Weber is often cited, with Émile
Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three
founding architects of sociology.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
W. E. B. Dubois
 born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington,
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Massachusetts. He was one of the most
influential black leaders of the first half of the
20th Century. For more than a decade he
devoted himself to sociological investigations of
blacks in America, producing 16 research
monographs published between 1897 and 1914
at Atlanta (Georgia) University, where he was a
professor.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
W.E.B. Dubois
 Dubois published The Philadelphia Negro; A
Social Study (1899), the first case study of a
black community in the United States. Dubois
shared in the founding of the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its
director of research and editor of its magazine,
"Crisis," until 1934.
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SECTION 2
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Sociology: Then and Now
Question:
What are the three main
theoretical perspectives in
sociology and how do the
differ in their focus?
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Sociology: Then and Now
Three Main Theoretical Perspectives
Differ in Focus
 FUNCTIONALISTS – see society as a set of interrelated parts
that work together to produce a stable social system; focus on
functions and dysfunctions
 CONFLICT THEORISTS – focus on forces in society that
promote competition and change; see social change as an
inevitable feature of society
 INTERACTIONISTS – focus on how individuals interact in
society and on the meanings individuals attach to their own
and to other’s actions
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SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology: Then and Now
Functionalists
see society as a set of
interrelated parts that work
together to produce a stable
social system; focus on
functions and dysfunctions
THREE SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Conflict Theorists
Interactionists
focus of forces in society that
promote competition and
change; see social change as
an inevitable feature of society
focus on how individuals
interact in society and on the
meanings individuals attach to
their own and others’ actions
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CHAPTER 1
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. What is the main focus of sociology?
2. What does it mean to have a sociological
perspective and sociological imagination?
3. What are the differences between sociology and
other social sciences?
4. Identify the major early sociologists.
5. What are the three main theoretical
perspectives in sociology, and which of the
founders of sociology is connected to which
perspective?
6. What is the difference between quantitative
and qualitative research?
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CHAPTER 1
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Short Essay Questions
Answer 3 of the following 5 questions.
1) How did Max Weber’s approach (perspective) to sociology differ from that of Comte,
Spence, Marx, and Durkheim?
2) Explain how the focus of Sociology is both different and similar to the focus of the
other Social Sciences. You must address at least 4 other Social Sciences and be sure to give
examples in your response.
3) Explain the historical factors which led to the development of Sociology as a distinct
field of study. Be sure to address changes in society at that time.
4) Identify and describe the 3 main theoretical perspectives in sociology, be sure to include
a real world example of each.
5) Explain how developing a Sociological Perspective and a Sociological Imagination can
help you in your daily life? Be sure to define both terms in your response.
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