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S E C T I O N 10 - 2 R E V I E W
RNA
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. messenger RNA
2. transfer RNA
3. transcription
4. promoter
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
a. nitrogen-containing base.
b. amino acid.
c. sugar.
d. enzyme.
2. In RNA, thymine is replaced by
a. adenine.
b. guanine.
c. cytosine.
d. uracil.
3. The type of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein is called
a. mRNA.
b. pRNA.
c. rRNA.
d. tRNA.
4. In eukaryotic cells, RNA is copied from DNA in the
a. ribosomes.
b. nucleus.
c. nuclear membrane.
d. cytosol.
5. What process is shown in the diagram below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
proofreading.
protein synthesis.
replication.
transcription.
A
G
C
G
C
T
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A
T
A
U
T
G
C
C
T
C
A
G
A
G
A
U
T
U
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1. Ribose is a type of
C
G
G
T
A
A
A
A
T
T
A
Modern Biology Study Guide
A
T
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. Describe three ways that RNA differs from DNA.
2. Describe the shapes of the three types of RNA.
3. How is information about making proteins transmitted from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis?
4. What would be the nucleotide sequence of the RNA that is transcribed from DNA with a nucleotide
sequence of G-C-T-A-A-T-C-C-G?
5. Critical Thinking How would the transcription of a eukaryotic gene be affected if a replication
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Arrange the following steps in transcription in the
correct order by writing the numbers 1–5 in the spaces before the steps.
a. RNA polymerase attaches to the first DNA nucleotide of the template chain.
b. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on the template chain of DNA.
c. RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal and releases the DNA and
RNA molecules.
d. The two chains of the DNA molecule separate near the promoter.
e. Complementary RNA nucleotides are added to the newly forming RNA molecule.
52
Section 10-2 Review
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error changed the nucleotide sequence of the termination signal for that gene?
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Arrangements of the offspring alleles will vary
according to the order of the parental alleles in the
Punnett square. 1. 9/16 2. 1/4 3. 1/16 4. 1/16
Section 10-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A purine is a nitrogen-containing base with two
rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Examples may
include adenine or guanine.
2. A pyrimidine is a nitrogen-containing base with
one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Examples
may include cytosine or thymine.
3. A complementary base-pair is a pair of nitrogencontaining bases connected to each other by
hydrogen bonds. Examples may include adeninethymine and cytosine-guanine.
4. one of three molecules that constitutes a
nucleotide
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. b
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, deoxyribose; b, guanine; c, adenine;
d, phosphate group
Section 10-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA in
the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell.
2. tRNA is a chain of RNA nucleotides that are folded
into a hairpin shape and can bind to a specific
amino acid.
3. Transcription is the process by which genetic
information is copied from DNA to RNA.
4. A promoter is a region of DNA that marks the beginning of the DNA chain that is to be transcribed.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. RNA contains ribose; DNA contains deoxyribose.
RNA usually contains uracil in place of thymine.
In eukaryotes DNA is found only in the nucleus;
RNA is not.
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Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, 3; b, 1; c, 5; d, 2; e, 4
Section 10-3
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A codon is a combination of three mRNA
nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.
2. Translation is the process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA.
3. An anticodon is a combination of three tRNA
nucleotides that pairs with a specific codon.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. b
SHORT ANSWER
1. The anticodons are UAC, GUA, CGU, and UCA.
(The last three nucleotides in the mRNA sequence
are a stop codon, which has no anticodon.) The
polypeptide will initially contain four amino acids.
2. The tRNA that pairs with the start codon on
mRNA carries methionine.
3. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum are exported from the cell,
whereas proteins synthesized on ribosomes that
are free in the cytosol are used inside the cell.
4. All of the codons from the deletion point to the
end of the transcript would be shifted by one
nucleotide, so the sequence of amino acids specified from that point on would be different.
Translation would terminate prematurely if the
shift resulted in a new stop codon before the end
of the transcript.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, polypeptide or protein; b, peptide bond;
c, amino acid; d, tRNA; e, anticodon; f, codon; g, mRNA
or transcript; h, ribosome
Section 11-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A regulator gene is a prokaryotic gene that codes for
the production of a repressor protein, which inhibits
the transcription of one or more structural genes.
2. Binding of a repressor protein to an operator
blocks the transcription of one or more structural
genes; this blockage is called repression.
3. An inducer is a molecule that initiates prokaryotic
gene transcription by removing a repressor
protein, a process called activation.
4. A transcription factor is a protein that facilitates
gene transcription by binding to RNA polymerase
and to an enhancer.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. d
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SHORT ANSWER
1. The three parts are a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. The
phosphate group and the base are connected to
different parts of the sugar.
2. Since guanine and cytosine are complementary,
another 15% of the nucleotides must contain
cytosine. The remaining 70% of the nucleotides
(100%–30%) must contain adenine and thymine in
equal proportions (35% each), since they are complementary to each other.
3. Producing exact copies ensures that when a cell
divides, the offspring cells will receive the same
genetic information.
4. The hydrogen bonds break easily, making it easier
for the two strands in the molecule to separate
during replication. The strong covalent bonds
ensure that the sequence of nucleotides remains
fixed in each strand.
2. mRNA is a single uncoiled chain. tRNA is a single
chain folded into a hairpin shape. rRNA is globular.
3. Information is transcribed from DNA into mRNA,
which moves through the pores of the nuclear
membrane into the cytosol.
4. The RNA sequence would be CGAUUAGGC.
5. RNA polymerase would not recognize the termination signal and would continue to synthesize RNA
until it reached the termination signal. Thus, two
genes would probably be transcribed into a single
piece of RNA.