Download Review 1 - Introduction and Minerals

Review 1 - Introduction and Minerals
These questions are a selection pulled from the Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth
text. As a
result, they may not by in numerical order. To get credit, highlightholdlitalic/mark
your answer and uploaded the saved file into the D2L dropbox. As long as you tum in
your own copy and actively participate in doing the work, you may do these
homeworks in small groups (I reserve the right to change this policy if it looks like
people are turning in work that they had no involvement in).
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology
Earth: An Introduction to Physicol Geologt,9e (TarbucMlutgens)
1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
4)Whichoneofthefollowingobservationsandinferencesisconsistentwiththeideaoffi
A. Sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstreamB. Erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds.
C.
rfi
\J
Lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater.
all of the above
6) The currently
A.
B.
rB)
accepted age of Earth is
years.
4.6thousand
6.4 trillion
+.0
billion
Y. e.+mitlion
division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.
8) The
A.
Paleocene
@
Paleozoic
Permian
Proterozoic
C.
D.
9)
The
forms the relatively cool, brifile plates of plate tectonics.
@-"rtn.*sphere
P.
\
\
10)
A
lithosphere
astrosphere
eosphere
is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
A. hypothesis
B. generalization
a
I
law
theory
11) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for
the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
C.
D.
n) P
A.
B.
\-
@
l3)
p
A.
B.
C.
@
the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts
development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses
rocks lbrm by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
Sedimentary
Indigenous
Primarv
tsr"o.,t
rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
Secondary
Igneous
Metamorphic
s"ai*entary
15) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A.
core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust
core, outer core, mantle, crust
irrr"r core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
f6) i*..
Y.
D.
is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."
Biblical prophecy
18)
A.
/6) unifor*itarianism
Y
D.
erirtotelian logic
Catastrophism
23) Which one of the following statements is not correct?
\Metarnorphic rocks may melt to magma.
@)sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.
C. Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.
D. Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.
24)The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be
A. basalt
B. granite
peridotite
solid iron-nickel alloy
25) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the
A. outer core
B. crust
inner core
mantle
26)
The
of the Earth.
is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.
A. inner core
B. lithosphere
Gr mantle
{'}.)
\^/
\-/
orter co."
27)The
'
is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
fll
V "*rt
outer core
C. mantle
D. inner core
l,f- True/False Questions
0,b, F: Internally, the Eafih consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities.
2) T
oQThe
fio.
asthenosphere is a relatively cool and
rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.
F:
The doctrine of uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth
hYve been operating for a very long time.
5) T
t i The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years.
6) T
of$
A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that
is proposed to explain scientific
otr"*Horr.
Z{t}r F: According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be
tr&t{formed into another type of rock, given enough time.
/n)
8) T of Ff Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand
and mYd.
Chapter 3 Matter and Minerals
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologlt,9e (TarbucMlutgens)
3.1 Multiple-Choice
Questions
1) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, intemal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
D.
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a
consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
2) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?
A. neutron
fE)) select.on
Y electron
D. protons
3) Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number
of
.
D.
electrons in the nucleus
protons in the nucleus
neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
electrons in the valence bond level
4) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
A. Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
B. Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy ofshared protons.
C. Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
//a very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
{ ff etoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are
bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
5) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?
A. The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons.
R. The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons.
/Qfh" atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.
V The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons.
17)
Theion at the center of
6)
B.
C.
D.
4 oxygen
6 oxygen
4 sodium
6 sodium
a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by
ions
ions
ions
ions
22) All silicate minerals contain which two elements?
A. iron, silicon
B. silicon, sodium
,$nxygen.
(),rilicon.
carbon
oxygen
25) Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?
A. diamond
/r-a\
B}
{ talc
Y.
hulit"
D. olivine
26) What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
A. carbon
&.chlorine
f,Clxygen
\<
D.
sodrum
27) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as
;\.streak
{B!cleavage
-e.
D.
cracking luster
crystal form
28) What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
7\ molecule
(P/
C.
D.
ion
isotope
nucleon
29) An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?
61,
D.6
30) Which one of the following is not true for minerals?
A. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
B. They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.
C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D. They can be identified by charact6ristic physical properties.
31) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?
A.
ionic
subatomic
covalent
isotopic
32) How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
A. They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
,ft They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
( C) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
5. ttrey move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
33) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?
A. sulfides
\ carbonates
stlicates
\d chlorides
fr)
34) Whilb the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?
protons
Y. electrons
C. isotrons
D. neutrons
a-&
37) Wl+iqqof the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?
!y'calcite
B. quartz
C.
D.
diamond
talc
38) Whiqh of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?
luster
Gi
G/
.;1";
streak
i
Review 2 - Igneous
These questions are a selection pulled from the Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth text. As a result,
they may not by in numerical order. To get credit, highlight/bold/italic/mark your answer and
uploaded the saved file into theD2L dropbox. As long as you turn in your own copy and
actively participate in doing the work, you may do these homeworks in small groups (I reserve
the right to change this policy if it looks like people are turning in work that they had no
involvement in).
Chapter 4Igneous Rocks
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologyr ge (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
4.1 Multiple-Choice
Questions
l)Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
A. Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.
B. Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing
many small mineral
.z\.rgrains to grow.
magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small
mineral grains.
extrusive
{Clfne
\Et The extrusive
3) The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock is known as
A^ silica content
Clexture
C. mineral content
D. Bowen's reaction
series
Match the description with the appropriate texture in questions 4-7.
A. aphanitic B. porphyritic C. phaneritic D. glassy
q
T)
f
n
5) V
magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains
mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or
magnifying glass
6)
fr
--#D 4"
rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains
a
magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains
Match the following rocks to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rocks in questions 10-12.
A. andesite B. gabbro C. rhyolite
l0)
n
L-/
ry *
12) X
granite
basart
diorite
13) Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture?
{.
granite; gabbro
@
Zna"trteirhyolite
C. andesite; diorite
D. rhyolite; gabbro
14) In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize?
A. phenocrysts
B. vesicles
/Q
Y.
pegmatites
matrix or groundmass
17) N is a volcanic rock that is extremely
-@-ourioi*
B.
vesicular and glassy.
Pegmatite
C. Tuff
D. Pumice
19) Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?
A.
biotite
B.-quartz
d.Yti*,irr"
\/mrrcorit.
22)
_is
characteizedby very coarse mineral grains?
A. Obsidian
B. Pumice
@regmatite
D. Granite
24)A(an)-texturerepresentsasingle,longperiodofcoolingandcrystallization.
A. glassy
B. pyroclastic
C.
Iil
\J'
anhanitic
oharre.iti"
27) Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?
The rock is cryitalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or
mlcroscope.
B. The mineral grains have glassy textures.
C. The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments.
D. The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.
0
34) The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a
composj(on.
4V felsic
9{. irt".*ediate
C. mafic
D. ultramafic
differentiation
assimilation
)
All of the following
are factors that affect the generation of magma except
for
A. heat
B. oressure
@crYstal size
D. volatiles
43 True/False Questions
1) T or F: Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing
magmas.
ZWr
F: In an igneous rock with a phaneritic texturr, the mineral grains are visible to the unaided eye.
efiorF:
9)@.
Basalt is the aphanitic or fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.
F: Olivine is an important mineral in peridotites and other ultramafic rocks.
llprcrF:
Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
ter 5 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
: An Introducfion to Physical Geologtr 9e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
5.1 Multiple-Choice
1)
In
1980,
Questions
was the first Cascade Range volcano to erupt since
Mt. Lassen, Califomia, in 1915-16.
A. Mt. Rainier
B. Mt. Shasta
C. Kilauea
tld!
trrtt. St. Helens
2) Which type of basaltic lava flow has afairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?
A.
aa
B* P"g*utiti.
S
D.
pahoehoe
scoria
is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases?
A. Water
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen chloride
D. Methane
p
7)
_magma
rA=.t Basaltic
V cr.-iti"
is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers.
C. Andesitic
D. Pegmatitic
9)
The
6'
Y
ocean basin is rimmed by the most suMuction zones.
Rtlantic
rnaian
C. Pacific
D. Arctic
1l) Which of the following is associated with
deep mantle hot spots?
A. Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy
@ tt" volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary
activity in Yellowstone National Park
C. the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United
D. Mt. St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains
States
are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism.
A. Chlorine and sodium
B. Neon and ammonia
C. Oxygen and nitrogen
Water and carbon dioxide
@
For questions 17-21, please choose from one of the following answers.
A. shield volcanoes
B. composite/stratovolcanoes
C. cinder cones
,o
le)
20)
massive, gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows
large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers
small basaltic cones built during one, short, eruptive episode
t_-,
L
the volcanoes of southwestem Alaska and the Aleutian Islands
!t
{
2t)
the big volcanoes of Hawaii
22)Wht;/l- statement about the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is false?
O*i"g the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and
@)
- pyroclastic
debris.
B. Plumes of ash rose high into the atnosphere during the major eruptive events.
C. Mudflows accompanied the major eruptive events.
D. The most powerfrrl explosive event was preceded by a massive landslide.
23)-tendtoincreasetheexplosivepotentialofamagmabodybeneathavolcano.
A.
1$
C.
D.
High viscosity and dissolved gas
Higt viscosity; low dissolved gas content
Low silica content, low viscosity
Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content
24) Which type of basalticlava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble?
A. scoria
B. pahoehoe
C. pillow
lava
€);
29) Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive?
A. Lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island.
Fisstre eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations.
Eruptiottt of big, continJntal margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes.
D. Lava flows from a large cinder cone complex.
!.
@
_.
33) Mount St. Helens is
A. a basaltic cinder cone
explosive stratovolcano
C. a basaltic shield volcano
D. a;ppll, welded tuff cone
@*
36)
A
A.
B.
C.
,6r
'sl
volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows.
composite
stratospheric
cinder cone
shield
37) Which of the following best describes Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature inNew Mexico?
A. a very recently active, basaltic cinder cone
B. an extinct, highly symmetrical, composite volcanic cone
C. the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes
5
'@ *rextinct,
massive, rhyolitic shield volcano
Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes?
A. the coastal plain of western Africa
B. European Russia and Siberia
C. the area surounding the Red Sea
tne circum-Pacific area
@
39) The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is
A. related to plate subduction
B. related to a divergent plate boundary
related to a transform plate boundary
related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism
;(.
(p.
40) The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because
A. they lie on a spreading center where two plates are converging
B= th"y lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging
tt"V lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart
ttrey lie along a subduction zone where two plates are diverging
(U
5.
41) Which one of the following best descriks volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States?
A. related to a mantle hot spot
rehted to plate subduction
rehted to a mid-oceanic ridge system
D. related to deep, transform faults
fi
Y
42) Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes?
A. lie directly above a transform plate boundary that cuts deeply into the mantle
B. lie directly above an active subduction zone where the Pacific plate is sinking into the manfle
C. lie along the crest of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center
situated in the interior of a large, Pacific plate above a hot spot deep in the mantle
Q *.
45) Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to righQ of decreasing magma viscosity?
@ rtryotite, andesite, basalt
B. andesite, rhyolite, basalt
C. basalt, rhyolite, andesite
D. basalt, andesite, rhyolite
a6) rilhy do megf4flS rise toward Earth's surface?
A. Magmas are more viscous then solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.
B. Most magmas are richer in silica than most orustal and upper manfle rocks.
C. Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the
adiacent solid rock.
@ aliof the above
48)
A
is the largest, discordant body of intrusive, igneous rock.
A. lopolith
B. laccolith
C. pluton
batholith
0
is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant.
laccolith
dike
pluton
sill
s0) A
sill.
is a near surface, intrusive, lit'rteous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal
A. batholith
B. dike
C. laccolith
volcantc neck
@
5.3^ True/False Questions
3) E)r F: The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing percentages of silica
+)
f o@ The eruptions of the Hawaiian volcanoes may be described as explosive in comparison to the 1980
Mount St. Helens eruption.
5f&r F: Powerfirl, explosive, volcanic eruptions can result in climatic cooling for millions of years following
the eruption.
\@rF:
Basaltic lavas are generally hotter and more viscous than andesite lavas.
D@orF: In general, cinder
l6fior
cones are much larger than shield volcanoes.
F: Basalt is the most common magma erupted along oceanic rift systems.