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Review 1 - Introduction and Minerals These questions are a selection pulled from the Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth text. As a result, they may not by in numerical order. To get credit, highlightholdlitalic/mark your answer and uploaded the saved file into the D2L dropbox. As long as you tum in your own copy and actively participate in doing the work, you may do these homeworks in small groups (I reserve the right to change this policy if it looks like people are turning in work that they had no involvement in). Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology Earth: An Introduction to Physicol Geologt,9e (TarbucMlutgens) 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 4)Whichoneofthefollowingobservationsandinferencesisconsistentwiththeideaoffi A. Sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstreamB. Erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds. C. rfi \J Lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater. all of the above 6) The currently A. B. rB) accepted age of Earth is years. 4.6thousand 6.4 trillion +.0 billion Y. e.+mitlion division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. 8) The A. Paleocene @ Paleozoic Permian Proterozoic C. D. 9) The forms the relatively cool, brifile plates of plate tectonics. @-"rtn.*sphere P. \ \ 10) A lithosphere astrosphere eosphere is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A. hypothesis B. generalization a I law theory 11) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation C. D. n) P A. B. \- @ l3) p A. B. C. @ the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses rocks lbrm by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. Sedimentary Indigenous Primarv tsr"o.,t rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. Secondary Igneous Metamorphic s"ai*entary 15) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? A. core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust core, outer core, mantle, crust irrr"r core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere f6) i*.. Y. D. is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past." Biblical prophecy 18) A. /6) unifor*itarianism Y D. erirtotelian logic Catastrophism 23) Which one of the following statements is not correct? \Metarnorphic rocks may melt to magma. @)sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks. C. Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks. D. Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism. 24)The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be A. basalt B. granite peridotite solid iron-nickel alloy 25) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the A. outer core B. crust inner core mantle 26) The of the Earth. is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior. A. inner core B. lithosphere Gr mantle {'}.) \^/ \-/ orter co." 27)The ' is the thinnest layer of the Earth. fll V "*rt outer core C. mantle D. inner core l,f- True/False Questions 0,b, F: Internally, the Eafih consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities. 2) T oQThe fio. asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. F: The doctrine of uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth hYve been operating for a very long time. 5) T t i The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years. 6) T of$ A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific otr"*Horr. Z{t}r F: According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be tr&t{formed into another type of rock, given enough time. /n) 8) T of Ff Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mYd. Chapter 3 Matter and Minerals Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologlt,9e (TarbucMlutgens) 3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? A. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, intemal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. B. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, D. the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles. 2) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms? A. neutron fE)) select.on Y electron D. protons 3) Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of . D. electrons in the nucleus protons in the nucleus neutrons in the outer nuclear shell electrons in the valence bond level 4) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding? A. Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons. B. Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy ofshared protons. C. Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the //a very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds. { ff etoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges. 5) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? A. The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons. R. The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons. /Qfh" atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons. V The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons. 17) Theion at the center of 6) B. C. D. 4 oxygen 6 oxygen 4 sodium 6 sodium a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ions ions ions ions 22) All silicate minerals contain which two elements? A. iron, silicon B. silicon, sodium ,$nxygen. (),rilicon. carbon oxygen 25) Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? A. diamond /r-a\ B} { talc Y. hulit" D. olivine 26) What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? A. carbon &.chlorine f,Clxygen \< D. sodrum 27) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ;\.streak {B!cleavage -e. D. cracking luster crystal form 28) What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? 7\ molecule (P/ C. D. ion isotope nucleon 29) An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? 61, D.6 30) Which one of the following is not true for minerals? A. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure. B. They can be a liquid, solid, or gas. C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition. D. They can be identified by charact6ristic physical properties. 31) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms? A. ionic subatomic covalent isotopic 32) How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding? A. They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move. ,ft They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral. ( C) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells. 5. ttrey move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions. 33) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? A. sulfides \ carbonates stlicates \d chlorides fr) 34) Whilb the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles? protons Y. electrons C. isotrons D. neutrons a-& 37) Wl+iqqof the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? !y'calcite B. quartz C. D. diamond talc 38) Whiqh of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? luster Gi G/ .;1"; streak i Review 2 - Igneous These questions are a selection pulled from the Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth text. As a result, they may not by in numerical order. To get credit, highlight/bold/italic/mark your answer and uploaded the saved file into theD2L dropbox. As long as you turn in your own copy and actively participate in doing the work, you may do these homeworks in small groups (I reserve the right to change this policy if it looks like people are turning in work that they had no involvement in). Chapter 4Igneous Rocks Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologyr ge (Tarbuck/Lutgens) 4.1 Multiple-Choice Questions l)Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why? A. Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. B. Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral .z\.rgrains to grow. magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains. extrusive {Clfne \Et The extrusive 3) The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock is known as A^ silica content Clexture C. mineral content D. Bowen's reaction series Match the description with the appropriate texture in questions 4-7. A. aphanitic B. porphyritic C. phaneritic D. glassy q T) f n 5) V magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying glass 6) fr --#D 4" rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains Match the following rocks to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rocks in questions 10-12. A. andesite B. gabbro C. rhyolite l0) n L-/ ry * 12) X granite basart diorite 13) Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? {. granite; gabbro @ Zna"trteirhyolite C. andesite; diorite D. rhyolite; gabbro 14) In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? A. phenocrysts B. vesicles /Q Y. pegmatites matrix or groundmass 17) N is a volcanic rock that is extremely -@-ourioi* B. vesicular and glassy. Pegmatite C. Tuff D. Pumice 19) Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? A. biotite B.-quartz d.Yti*,irr" \/mrrcorit. 22) _is characteizedby very coarse mineral grains? A. Obsidian B. Pumice @regmatite D. Granite 24)A(an)-texturerepresentsasingle,longperiodofcoolingandcrystallization. A. glassy B. pyroclastic C. Iil \J' anhanitic oharre.iti" 27) Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? The rock is cryitalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or mlcroscope. B. The mineral grains have glassy textures. C. The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments. D. The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes. 0 34) The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a composj(on. 4V felsic 9{. irt".*ediate C. mafic D. ultramafic differentiation assimilation ) All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma except for A. heat B. oressure @crYstal size D. volatiles 43 True/False Questions 1) T or F: Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas. ZWr F: In an igneous rock with a phaneritic texturr, the mineral grains are visible to the unaided eye. efiorF: 9)@. Basalt is the aphanitic or fine-grained equivalent of gabbro. F: Olivine is an important mineral in peridotites and other ultramafic rocks. llprcrF: Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. ter 5 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity : An Introducfion to Physical Geologtr 9e (Tarbuck/Lutgens) 5.1 Multiple-Choice 1) In 1980, Questions was the first Cascade Range volcano to erupt since Mt. Lassen, Califomia, in 1915-16. A. Mt. Rainier B. Mt. Shasta C. Kilauea tld! trrtt. St. Helens 2) Which type of basaltic lava flow has afairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? A. aa B* P"g*utiti. S D. pahoehoe scoria is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases? A. Water Carbon monoxide Hydrogen chloride D. Methane p 7) _magma rA=.t Basaltic V cr.-iti" is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers. C. Andesitic D. Pegmatitic 9) The 6' Y ocean basin is rimmed by the most suMuction zones. Rtlantic rnaian C. Pacific D. Arctic 1l) Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots? A. Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy @ tt" volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park C. the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United D. Mt. St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains States are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. A. Chlorine and sodium B. Neon and ammonia C. Oxygen and nitrogen Water and carbon dioxide @ For questions 17-21, please choose from one of the following answers. A. shield volcanoes B. composite/stratovolcanoes C. cinder cones ,o le) 20) massive, gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers small basaltic cones built during one, short, eruptive episode t_-, L the volcanoes of southwestem Alaska and the Aleutian Islands !t { 2t) the big volcanoes of Hawaii 22)Wht;/l- statement about the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is false? O*i"g the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and @) - pyroclastic debris. B. Plumes of ash rose high into the atnosphere during the major eruptive events. C. Mudflows accompanied the major eruptive events. D. The most powerfrrl explosive event was preceded by a massive landslide. 23)-tendtoincreasetheexplosivepotentialofamagmabodybeneathavolcano. A. 1$ C. D. High viscosity and dissolved gas Higt viscosity; low dissolved gas content Low silica content, low viscosity Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content 24) Which type of basalticlava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble? A. scoria B. pahoehoe C. pillow lava €); 29) Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive? A. Lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island. Fisstre eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations. Eruptiottt of big, continJntal margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes. D. Lava flows from a large cinder cone complex. !. @ _. 33) Mount St. Helens is A. a basaltic cinder cone explosive stratovolcano C. a basaltic shield volcano D. a;ppll, welded tuff cone @* 36) A A. B. C. ,6r 'sl volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. composite stratospheric cinder cone shield 37) Which of the following best describes Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature inNew Mexico? A. a very recently active, basaltic cinder cone B. an extinct, highly symmetrical, composite volcanic cone C. the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes 5 '@ *rextinct, massive, rhyolitic shield volcano Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? A. the coastal plain of western Africa B. European Russia and Siberia C. the area surounding the Red Sea tne circum-Pacific area @ 39) The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is A. related to plate subduction B. related to a divergent plate boundary related to a transform plate boundary related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism ;(. (p. 40) The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because A. they lie on a spreading center where two plates are converging B= th"y lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging tt"V lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart ttrey lie along a subduction zone where two plates are diverging (U 5. 41) Which one of the following best descriks volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States? A. related to a mantle hot spot rehted to plate subduction rehted to a mid-oceanic ridge system D. related to deep, transform faults fi Y 42) Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes? A. lie directly above a transform plate boundary that cuts deeply into the mantle B. lie directly above an active subduction zone where the Pacific plate is sinking into the manfle C. lie along the crest of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center situated in the interior of a large, Pacific plate above a hot spot deep in the mantle Q *. 45) Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to righQ of decreasing magma viscosity? @ rtryotite, andesite, basalt B. andesite, rhyolite, basalt C. basalt, rhyolite, andesite D. basalt, andesite, rhyolite a6) rilhy do megf4flS rise toward Earth's surface? A. Magmas are more viscous then solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle. B. Most magmas are richer in silica than most orustal and upper manfle rocks. C. Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adiacent solid rock. @ aliof the above 48) A is the largest, discordant body of intrusive, igneous rock. A. lopolith B. laccolith C. pluton batholith 0 is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant. laccolith dike pluton sill s0) A sill. is a near surface, intrusive, lit'rteous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal A. batholith B. dike C. laccolith volcantc neck @ 5.3^ True/False Questions 3) E)r F: The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing percentages of silica +) f o@ The eruptions of the Hawaiian volcanoes may be described as explosive in comparison to the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. 5f&r F: Powerfirl, explosive, volcanic eruptions can result in climatic cooling for millions of years following the eruption. \@rF: Basaltic lavas are generally hotter and more viscous than andesite lavas. D@orF: In general, cinder l6fior cones are much larger than shield volcanoes. F: Basalt is the most common magma erupted along oceanic rift systems.