Download EU Emergency Decisions for Harmful Organisms typical

Barcelona, Spain
17-20 June 2014
These are the insects, fungal pathogens and
nematodes that have invaded Europe and caused
extensive damage to non-forestry areas;
To be considered as an invasive pest, a species has to
satisfy certain criteria within its adoptive country:
Arrival/settling/integration/spreading, and these
processes depend on the suitability of the
environment encountered.
The introduction of these harmful organisms may be
intentional or unintentional and can be the cause
of human intervention or just natural dispersal.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Yield losses (e. g. agriculture, horticulture)
Production costs (pest management)
Landscape structure, public health
ECOLOGICAL
Native biodiversity
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These are the (HO) to non-forestry areas for
which emergency measures are currently in
place.
These HO were previously unknown to occur
in the EU and were not listed specifically in
Directive 2000/29/EC.
As result of identification of such pests,
emergency measures were set up.
These new pests require new phytosanitary
measures to be applied. These can be the
introduction of Pest free areas (PFA),
Defined in ISPM 5 as
« an area in which a specific pest does not occur
as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in
which, where appropriate, this condition is being
officially maintained »;
pest free places of production (PFPP),
Protected Zones (PZ) within the EU are defined as an
area
— in which one or more harmful organisms which
are
established in one or more parts of the Community,
are not endemic or established despite favourable
conditions for them to establish themselves there;
— in which there is a danger that certain harmful
organisms will establish, given propitious ecological
conditions, for particular crops, despite the fact that
these organisms are not endemic or established in
the Community;
For movement of plants and plant
products from third countries a
Phytosanitary Certificate is
required, whilst a Plant Passport is
required for movement within the
EU.
A report of the National Academy of Sciences had
argued that biological control should become
the primary pest control method in the United
States (NAS, 1987). Simultaneously,
conservationists began to worry that nonindigenous species introduced for pest control
can extinguish native species and devastate
native ecosystems…..
A case in point is Harmonia axyridis – known as
the harlequin ladybird or the multicoloured
Asian lady beetle. In Italy, it was
commercialized and released in protected
crops against aphids from 1995 to 1999. Since
the year 2000 the commercialization of H.
axyridis has been interrupted due to the
concern aroused by its invasiveness and, in
particular, its impact on the
indigenous coccinellids and other predators.
Anaplophora chinensis (Forster) and
A. chinensis (Forster)
(form malasiaca)
Citrus Longhorned Beetle
(CLB)
They are considered worldwide
as some of the most dangerous
wood borers accidentally
introduced into Europe and N.
America. They are native to
China, Korea and Japan
with occasional records from
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Taiwan and Vietnam.
Upon emergence
adults of both species
go up into the crown,
to feed upon bark of
young shoots and
twigs, petioles and
veins of leaves. It
takes up to 10-15 days
of feeding to reach
maturity.
CLB lays eggs along
the lower trunk, root
collar region and on
exposed roots
The egg laying period
takes place in summer.
Incubation lasts 10-15
days. Larvae initially bore
a feeding gallery in the
cambium region then an
oval-shaped tunnel in the
sapwood and heartwood
Pupation usually occurs in late
spring/early summer in the pupal
chamber
Adults emerge through
circular exit holes, ~ 1015 mm in diameter
In time plant tissues
may close up exit holes.
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Anaplophora was first detected in the Lombardy
region in the north of Italy during 2001.
The area where the presence of Anaplophora chinensis
(Forster) has been confirmed and which includes all
the trees showing symptoms is declared as the Infested
Zone and all susceptible trees(public/private) were
inspected;
The buffer zone is an area with a radius of at least 2kms
beyond the perimeter of the infested zone and all
susceptible trees (private/public) within the first 500m
from the infected area were inspected.
In the remaining area of the buffer zone all the
susceptible trees in public areas were inspected.
ISPM 4: Requirements for the
establishment of pest free areas ‘Pest
free area declared.’
ISPM 6: Guidelines for surveillance
‘confirmed by survey’.
ISPM 8: Determination of pest status
in an area
Egg laying can occur every 10/15 days with around 400-1000 eggs in each
oviposition giving rise to about 3-4 generations per year. These snails are able
move upstream and to breathe both atmospheric oxygen and that dissolved in
water. They have a high resistance to environmental factors as well as
resistance to conventional chemical treatments.
First detected in 2009 in the
Ebro Delta in NE Spain, it has
infested part of the rice plots,
the irrigation network and the
riverbanks of the delta
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UE rice industry: EU rice surface area is over
420,000 ha and it is the only possible crop at
most of the EU’s rice growing areas;
Mediterranean natural wetlands in southern
Europe;
The apple snail is an intermediate host for the
rat lungworm, causing agent of meningitis in
humans.
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Inspection of aquarium centres
Collection and destruction of snails and eggs
Keeping rice fields dry for long periods
Modification of the water inlets and drainage
outlets of the plots in order to hinder any further
spread of the snail
Installation of barrier traps throughout the
irrigation network
Chemical treatment in areas of high infestation
Elimination of snails from agricultural machinery
Elimination of snails from boat hulls
This is a gram negative bacteria
which proliferates in the xylem
vessels of stems, roots and leaves
of plants
In grapevines it causes Pierce’s
disease which show up as
chlorotic leaves and yellow leaf
margins
severe symptoms of leaf
scorch on a Platanus
occidentalis
(sycamore)
caused by X. fastidiosa
subsp. fastidiosa
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First confirmed on Olea europea, Nerium
oleander, Prunus amygdalus and Quercus sp in the
Apuglia region in October 2013
Xylella has a vast host range
Philaenus spumarius – is the
main vector in America and the
EPPO region and it is very
common in both areas
Graphocephala sp.,
leafhopper
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Removing infected plants and weeds as they
may be potential hosts
Vector control by the use of biological agents or
insecticides
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Sudden oak death, fungus like pathogen, killed
millions of tanoaks in the US in the 1990s
Affects over 70 genera of deciduous and
coniferous trees
UK felled over 3 million trees to try and control
the infection
The adults feed on the foliage.
The larvae on the roots.
Epitrix spp. hard to detect low populations
- Epitrix spp. spread likely to occur before
detection occurs
- Pest mobile
- Wide host range, amateur crops, survives
on weeds in field
Potential economic impact – high:
cosmetic damages,
rejection of lot, treatment = more costs)
- Highest risk pathway : infested seed and
ware potatoes
Probability of establishment is high and
pest difficult to eradicate
Measures needed to prevent introduction:
- Brushing and/or washing of tubers prior
to export or production in
- pest-free areas
Import from Pest Free Areas
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Recorded in Malta in 2007
Early detection difficult
No quarantine treatment available
Homeowners are difficult to involve
Risks of mass trapping in uninfested areas
Lack of environmentally safe and effective
control measures
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Monitoring;
Pruning: in winter, only dry fronds and
application of insecticide;
Nematodes;
Preventive treatments to include insecticides or
nematodes;
Sanitation;
Removal and destruction of infected palms;
Mass trapping;
Specific import requirements for palms;
Can cause catastrophic damages to food and
industrial crops both in the urban and
industrial environment.
There is a high risk of introduction because of the
high possibility of establishment, spread, high
host density, sensitivity and range, low genetic
diversity and a lack of natural enemies
- the Irish potato famine (1845-1849) caused by
phytophora infestans in which 1 million died and
1 million emigrated;
- Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Br.(Uredinales),
coffee rust, which between 1869-1879 ruined
the entire coffee industry in Sri Lanka;
- the Great Bengal famine of 1943 where about 2
million died when the rice crop was devastated
by the fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus.
Black spot of citrus is a serious disease of citrus
cultivars in Australia, Guangdong province in
China and South Africa.
In South Africa 90% of fruits from unprotected
trees were claimed to be unfit for export and
losses of more than 80% in unprotected fruit
was recorded;
If introduced in Mediterranean citrus growing
areas it could be expected to establish and
cause significant losses.
The disease appeared in the Punjab (India) around 1930.
It was epidemic there in 1953-1954
In 1974 and 1975, the disease was epidemic in Himachal Pradesh
areas of Uttar Pradesh and the Gurudaspur area of the Punjab with
50% infection on the cultivar HD-2000.
When infection is severe, yield, seed quality are adversely affected.
Food grain is unacceptable when infection exceeds 3%.
Once introduced, it would be almost impossible to eradicate
the fungus since spores can remain viable in the soil for a
considerable time.
T. indica presents a hazard to both bread wheat and durum
wheat in areas with favourable climatic conditions.
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Gram negative bacterium infecting members of
the Rosaceae family such as Pyrus spp., Malus
spp., Cydonia spp. There are several other
susceptible ornamentals.
(a) Wilt and death of flower clusters
(b) Wilt and death of shoots and twigs
(c) Leaf blight
(d) Fruit blight
(e) Limb and trunk blight
Temperature: optimal Temp for bacterial
multiplication: between 24 °C and 29 °C
Risk for infections: T ≥ 17-18°C
Risk for infections when blooming T≥15 °C
Rain and wind: favour the dispersal of E. a.
High humidity: favours the multiplication and
survival of E.a
Hail: favours the penetration of the pathogen
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Destruction of all symptomatic and infested
plants;
Treatment of other plants;
Hygenic measures;
Prohibition of movement of host plants, fruits,
pollen, seeds, timber of infested host plants and
hives (during flowering) from demarcated
areas to PZ.
EU plant passport regime
Requirements for producer
registration
OFFICIAL LABEL
• Stipulated by the NPPO (responsible official
organism
• Issued in accordance with the stipulated
procedure
Confirms that plants fulfil all requirements for
movement in the EU or into the protected zone
for specific pest
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- Warnings
- Deletion from the register
- Penalties
Thus producers are requested to co-operate
with their respective NPPOs regarding various
obligations such as:
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Keeping an updated plan of the premises
where their activities take place;
Keeping records of plants, plant products or
other objects for at least 1 year;
Be experienced in plant production and plant
health matters or designate another person
who is technically experienced;
Carry out visual inspections as laid down in
guidelines;
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Because the stakeholders are not just the
nurseries, farmers and landowners but the
public at large.
So we need to alert local councils, entities
responsible for public spaces, nursery owners,
landscapers, garden designers and most
importantly the new generation: students.
Printed material
Billboards
TV spots
Freephone
Press release
Websites
Public transport
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Widespread information will lead to early
detection
Early detection will minimize
eradication/containment costs
Some campaigns are eligible for solidarity
dossiers
Public awareness has been recognized as a
phytosanitary measure from the European
Commission
New EC emergency decisions require to the
MSs to develop public awareness campaigns