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3/15/15 Road to War Chapter 34 London Conference • During the 1930s we were really only worried about the U.S. & ourselves • London Economic Conference (1933) – Hoped to form a global plan to fight the Depression – Wanted to stabilize exchange rates – FDR initially supportive, but changed his tune – The conference collapsed and anger was directed at the U.S. Philippines & Foreign Policy • Cost a lot of $ to maintain overseas possessions • Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) – Would give the Philippines independence after a 12-yr. period of political tutoring – The U.S. would keep its naval bases there • 1933 - FDR also formally recognized the Soviet Union – Hoped for trade and an ally against Japan and Germany 1 3/15/15 Good Neighbor Policy • Armed intervention in Latin America not making any friends • Decided to just line up support for the US • Withdrew US troops from Haiti • Withdrew Platt amendment from Cuba- kept Guantanamo • 1938- Mexico nationalized its oil fields – Many in the U.S. demanded armed intervention – Mex. eventually paid the former owners in the US Trade in the 1930s • Cordell Hull- Sec. of State- trade is a 2-way street • Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) – Lowered tariff to increase trade – Only if other country agreed to lower theirs (21 did by 1939) • Led to free trade atmosphere after WW II Rise of Dictators Worldwide • USSR- Joseph Stalin- Communist • Italy- Benito Mussolini- Fascist – Mussolini- attacked Ethiopia in 1935 • Oil and to restore national pride – League of Nations didn't act • Germany- Adolf Hitler- Fascist • Japan- Military Govt.- – terminated naval treaty, built a big navy 2 3/15/15 Isolationism Still Alive • As 1930's went on blame for WWI was put on arms & munitions manufacturers & bankers – "Merchants of Death" – Investigated by the Nye Committee • Said if the U.S. got out of the arms traffic business, would avoid war – Our trade in these areas always got us into trouble How to Maintain Neutrality What steps would need to be taken by the U.S. to stay neutral in an upcoming war? Neutrality Acts • The sentiment in the U.S. was still towards isolationism • Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937) – When President said a state of war existed between 2 countries (open to presidential interpretation) – Couldn't sail on belligerent ship, sell munitions or make loans to a country at war – No distinction between aggressor and victim 3 3/15/15 Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 • Spanish rebels led by Francisco Franco started a civil war – aided by Germany & Italy • Able to test new military tactics and machinery – Spanish Govt. aided by Soviets – US refused to help the govt. of Spain • All the while the US military was sagging Japanese Aggression • 1937- Japan started a war with China, already invaded Manchuria • Quarantine Speech – economic embargoes on aggressor nations (like Japan), not supported by many • Panay Incident (1937) – A clearly marked U.S. naval vessel (U.S.S. Panay) was attacked in China by Japanese planes – 2 dead, 30 wounded – Japan apologized & paid quickly Hitler & German Aggression • 1935- Hitler began violating the Versailles Treaty – Compulsory military service in Germany – Moved German troops troops into the Rhineland – Began persecution of Jews – Built a huge military • 1938- took over Austria peacefully – The “Anschluss” 4 3/15/15 Reaction to Hitler • How do you think the rest of Europe will react to the actions of Germany? – Violations of the Versailles Treaty • Rebuilding the German military • Stopped making WWI reparation payments • Moving the German Army in the the Rhineland • Annexing Austria • Why do you think they would react that way? Appeasement • Moved into the northwest corner of Czechoslovakia - Sudetenland- – Something needed to be done to stop him • Munich Conference- – Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain (G.B.), Daladier (France) – Policy of appeasement - let him have it as long as he promises to do no more • 6 months later, Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia Map of the Sudetenland 5 3/15/15 Start of WWII • After Hitler took all of Czechoslovkia, France & G.B. told him any more would mean war – Next would be an attack on Poland and no one thought Hitler would do that – Attacking Poland would mean a two front war (Soviets on the east) • How did Hitler avoid this? • Sept. 1, 1939 - Germany invades Poland • Sept. 3, 1939 - WWII officially underway U.S. Neutrality • FDR declared U.S. neutrality • Neutrality Act of 1939 – “cash & carry” law – We would sell arms to democracies in Europe – They need to pay cash and come get them • Was great for the U.S. economy Are We Neutral? Given the changes to the Neutrality Laws can the U.S. truthfully say we were neutral at this point? 6 3/15/15 World War II in Europe • Soviets took Finland as a buffer • April, 1940 – Hitler took Denmark and Norway • Late June - France surrendered • “Miracle at Dunkirk” • Soon after, Winston Churchill named P.M of Great Britain U.S. Reaction • We begin a naval build up just in case – Is the start of a two-ocean navy • 1940 - Selective Service & Training Act – U.S.’s first peacetime draft • U.S. and Latin America agreed to uphold the Monroe Doctrine – Still clinging to isolationsim Battle of Britain • An air war for control of the British Isles – German Luftwaffe vs. the British RAF – The Royal Air Force won and stopped an attack of the British mainland 7 3/15/15 1940 Election • Dems nominate FDR again (3rd term) • GOP nominates Wendell Willkie Neutral Any More? • G.B. was running out of $ • Lend-Lease Bill – U.S. would give equipment to the Allies which would be returned or paid for later – An economic declaration of war • Got U.S. factories going for later war production • Germany began sinking U.S. ships Two-Front War • Hitler planned on defeating France and G.B. and then attacking the U.S.S.R. – Lost his patience and invade the Soviet Union (oil & other resources) – Soviets now got Lend-Lease aid • The German invasion of the Soviet Union stalled when winter hit 8 3/15/15 World War II - Late 1941 Atlantic Conference • FDR & Churchill met off Newfoundland • Atlantic Charter – Opposed territorial gains – No territorial changes unless the people affected wanted them – Self-determination – Set the groundwork for the U.N. U.S. Entering WWII Would the U.S. have entered World War II if the story stopped here? 9 3/15/15 Pearl Harbor • Japan was allied with Germany and needed resources • U.S. froze all Japanese assets in the U.S. b/c of their aggression in the Pacific • We knew an attack was coming somewhere most thought the Philippines – WRONG! • Attack came Dec. 7, 1941 – Over 2,400 killed 10