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Diversity of Living Things – Study GuideTest: Oct.29, 2015 CAROLUS LINNAEUS was an 18th century Swedish scientist. He classified plants and animals according to similarities in form. He divided living things into one of two "kingdoms" -plant and animal. He divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called "genera" (plural of "genus"). Then he divided each genera into smaller groups called "species". He also designed a system of naming organisms called binomial ("two names") nomenclature ("system of naming") which gave each organism 2 names – genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names. The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names. Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized. To be written correctly, the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics. His classification system is still used today; however, we use a 6 kingdom system (instead of 2 kingdom system.) Classification has been called the science of finding patterns. Classifying helps scientists identify, study, group, and name organisms. Today the system of classification divides all organisms into six major groups called kingdoms. The broadest group an organism is classified into is a kingdom. Rather than outward characteristics, such as color, kingdoms are grouped by internal form and structure. Scientists classify organisms into kingdoms by carefully comparing their cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Both horses and spiders are found in the animal kingdom, but they have little in common. Clearly, more and smaller groups are needed to fully classify an organism. Scientists use six subgroups to classify within kingdoms. These subgroups are: Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Diversity of Living Things – Study GuideTest: Oct.29, 2015 Animals The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. All animals are multicellular, or consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs. Heterotrophs do not make their own food. Animals must consume other organism to get energy. Also, animal cells do not have cell walls. Many animals are capable of moving from place to place. The animal kingdom features nine phyla that belong to two major groups, vertebrates and invertebrates. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. Animals: Multicellular Heterotrophic (do not make their own food) Eukaryotic (nucleus) Complex organs with no cell wall Specialized sense organs Vertebrates or Invertebrates Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris Plants You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells. With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees. Plants can either be vascular or non-vascular. Vascular plants have a system of tubes that conduct water, sap, and nutrients. Non-vascular plants have no tubes to transport water, sap, and nutrients. Examples of nonvascular plants include liverwort, hornwort, and moss Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth. Wow! Plants: Multicellular Autotrophic (make their own food) Eukaryotic (nucleus) Vascular or non-vascular Diversity of Living Things – Study GuideTest: Oct.29, 2015 Fungi Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi. Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells. Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food. Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil. Fungi Fun Fact: Some fungi taste great and others can kill you! Fungi: Multicellular Heterotrophic (do not make their own Eukaryotic (nucleus) Live on land or fresh water Most “eat” dead or decaying organisms food) Protists Slime, molds, and algae are protists. Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi. Most protists are unicellular (they only have one cell). You may be wondering why those protists are not classified in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms. It is because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells. Protists: Unicellular or multicellular Can be either autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (can’t make their own food) Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) Most protists are microscopic and live in water “Odds and Ends” Diversity of Living Things – Study GuideTest: Oct.29, 2015 Eubacteria Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different than archaebacteria. Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are unicellular. All eubacteria are prokaryotic, meaning that their cells have no nucleus. Eubacteria can come in many different forms. You will find them to be oval or spherical in many instances. Certain bacteria, like streptococcus, which causes strep throat, can be round as well. Eubacteria: Unicellular Can be either autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (can’t make their own food) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Can be helpful (yogurt) or make you sick (strep) Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. However, some eubacteria cause sickness and disease. The eubacteria pictured above, Streptococci, can give you strep throat! In your body there are more eubacteria than there are people in the world! Archaebacteria In 1983, scientists took samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. To their surprise they discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria often live in extreme conditions that were once considered inhospitable to life. They can be found in the deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. These deep-sea archaebacteria make up the bottom of the food chain for clams, tube worms, mussels, and other animals that live near the vents. Scientists initially found archaebacteria only in harsh environments, but recently these microorganisms have been found in the guts of animals, compost piles, saturated marshes, and other common places. Archaebacteria: Unicellular Can be either autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (can’t make their own food) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) First found in deep-sea hot springs archae- is a prefix meaning “ancient”. It adds the meaning 'ancient', with the implication of something not just being old, but being the 'first', to words to which it is attached. Archaebacteria is the “first bacteria.”