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Topic: The Middle Ages Europe
EQ: What were the characteristics of the Byzantine
Empire?
47
Emperor Justinian collected
ILLUSTRATION
all of the existing Roman laws
and organized them into a
single code – listing all the
laws and opinions on each
subject
Justinian
EXAMPLE
Code
SIGNIFICANCE
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Byzantine Empire - 330 A.D. to 1453 A.D.
- Europe divides east/west
- Eastern part = Byzantine Empire
- Emperor Constantine moves capital to the East
- Constantinople = capital city, largest city during Middle
Ages
- New center for Christian authority
- Trading center for spice, silk, jewelry, furs, wheat,
honey
Reasons for the survival of the Byzantine Empire
- Benefited from a rich infusion of Greek, Roman,
Christian, and Middle Eastern cultures,
- Located between Europe and Asia = center of trade
and great wealth
- Powerful emperor with a strong central administration
and a single set of laws
- Taxed merchants and peasants to support a large
standing army
Emperor Justinian
- Had absolute power
- Believed to have been chosen by God
- Creates Justinian’s Code (529 AD)
-
A preservation of Roman law in writing
Byzantine great accomplishment
Influenced Roman laws
Greater rights and privileges for women
Required all to belong to the Eastern Orthodox Christian
faith
Topic: The Middle Ages Europe
EQ: What were the characteristics of Christianity
during the Byzantine Empire?
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A split between the Eastern
Orthodox Church and the
Roman Catholic Church in
1054. The Byzantines
developed their own form of
Christianity – Eastern
Orthodoxy – and did not
recognize the Pope as the
head of their church.
ILLUSTRATION
Great
Schism
EXAMPLE/
CHARACTERISTICS
SIGNIFICANCE
1. Why is Diocletian important to the
development of the Byzantine Empire?
2. Why was Constantinople important?
3. What are Emperor Justinian’s achievements?
4.What was the Hagia Sophia?
5.What was the Code of Justinian and what is
its impact today?
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Great Schism 1054
- Creates 2 distinct denominations (branch) of
Christianity
- Divides western Catholicism in Rome and Eastern
Orthodoxy in Constantinople
- Each side accusing the other of heresy ( writing or
saying something against the church)
- Creates political division
- Language and customs are different
Roman Catholicism – Western Europe
- Pope has authority over all other bishops, kings, and
emperors
- Services conducted in Latin
- Priest cannot marry
- Divorce is not permitted
Eastern Orthodoxy – Eastern Europe
- Patriarch, bishops lead the church as a collect group
- Services conducted in Greek
- Priest may marry
- Divorce is allowed under certain circumstances
Hagia Sophia – enormous cathedral built under Justinian
- Create close connection between church and state
- Giant dome, included colorful icons and mosaics.
Topic: The Middle Ages Europe
EQ: What role did Charlemagne play in shaping
modern Europe?
51
He united a large part of
Europe during the early
Middle Ages and laid the
foundations for modern
France, Germany and the
Low Countries.
ILLUSTRATION
Who were the Franks and who was there leader?
Franks = barbarians who became Christians
- Lead by Pepin
How did Charlemagne expand the borders?
Charlemagne
EXAMPLE
SIGNIFICANCE
Were non believers accepted?
What happened after the death of Charlemagne?
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Topic: The Middle Ages Europe
EQ: How did the system of feudalism restore order
to Western Europe?
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Begun by the Franks and
spread to all of Western
Europe, kings offered nobles a
grant of land, known as a feud
or fief, in exchange for loyalty
and service. The nobleman,
known as the vassal, gave
allegiance to the king.
EXAMPLE
ILLUSTRATION
Feudalism
SIGNIFICANCE
an economic system
structured around a lord’s
manor, or estate. Under the
manorial system, each group
in society had a place; each
also had certain rights and
responsibilities.
Towns were tied to
the lords and the land
Stone walls
Space was limited
inside, dirty
Houses were close
together
Close proximity = fire
danger
ILLUSTRATION
Manoralism
SIGNIFICANCE
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Feudalism = political and social system,
- Lords (noblemen) = agreed to protect and supply land
- The people agreed to work for the lord
- Fief = land guaranteed
- People turned to noble land owners for protection
Vassal = any man who served a lord militarily
- Knights
Manoralism
- The lords house and surrounding area
- Serfs = peasants living in the area
- Raised and produced everything for that community
- No voice in government
- Worked long hours for protection
- Harsh living conditions
Castles built as fortresses for protection
- Architectural style in Europe
- Reflected the influence of feudal warfare
Germanic tribes converted
- Spread Christianity to northern Europe
Impact
- Politically unified Europe
- Created common culture
- Common usage of Latin
- Catholic church gains large amount of property
Topic: The Middle Ages Europe
EQ: What were the reasons that inspired Europeans
to take part in the Crusades?
55
Aquinas showed how
Christianity was compatible
ILLUSTRATION
with works by Aristotle and
said that God had given man
the power to reason to help
him explain and interpret the
world. There fore, we should
trust reason as well as faith.
.
Thomas
EXAMPLE
Aquinas
SIGNIFICANCE
Christian monks = scribe
- Biblical and classical works were preserved
- Cathedrals were center on of town life
Monks and nuns formed religious communities
- Created hospitals, libraries, hotels
- Church = religious and social center
- Services, social gatherings, and festivals
Unifying Christianity
- Shared beliefs bond the people
- Church = stability and security
- Church creates canon law
- Systems of justice to regulate people’s conduct
Thomas Aquinas
- Philosopher
- Believed truth was known through reason and faith
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Topic: Middle Ages Europe
EQ: What events contributed to the end of the
Middle Ages in Europe?
57
A war between France and
England that lasted from the
middle of the fourteenth
century to the middle of the
fifteenth. The kings of England
invaded France, trying to claim
the throne..
100
ILLUSTRATION
Years
War
CHARACTERISTICS
- Fought 116 years
- England wanted
control of France
SIGNIFICANCE
Created the
boundaries for
todays England and
France.
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Crusades
- Wars fought to regain Holy Lands from the Muslims
- Christians felt threatened by Muslims expansion and
power
- Took place in present day Palestine and Israel
Pope Urban II (1095 AD) began the Crusades
- Wanted Jerusalem to be in Christian lands
- Hoped to reunite Roman Catholicism and Eastern
Orthodox Church
- More than 10,000 troops sent
- Massacred thousands of people
4 Crusades over 200 years
- Church promised salvation to those who participates
- Pilgrims, knights, wives, children participate
Impact of Crusades
- Europeans learned zero in math
- Trade increased between middle east and Europe
- Silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton traded
- Hostility among Muslims, Christian, Jews
- Power of the pope weakened
Bubonic Plague (1347 AD)
- fever, black tumor on the neck, armpits, groin
- Size increase from egg to apple
- Live about a week
- Horrified people
- Punishment from God?
- Fleas on rats spread the disease
- Arrived through trade on ships
- 33% of Europe’s population died
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Topic: Middle Ages South west Asia
EQ: What were the main believes in Islam?
60
The Rise of Islam
- Muhammad founded Islam in Mecca
- Vision from Angel Gabriel
- Told to convert the Arab tribes to believe in one
God (Allah)
- Same God as the Jews and Christians
Medina = city that Muhammad fled to in 622 AD
- Became a popular religious leader
Jihad = holy war (630 AD)
- Gathered army, retook Mecca
- Arabian peninsula united, converted to Islam
Quran = sacred text of Islam
- Records the words from God
- References Jews and Christians
- Forms of worship proper conduct, treatment of
women
5 Pillars of Islam
- Faith in 1 God
- Prayer
- Charity
- Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
- Fasting during the month of Ramadan
Topic: Middle Ages Southwest Asia
EQ: What lead to the rise of Islam?
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Arabic = common language under Islam
Arab Muslims set out to convert non-believers
- Created a large empire
- Spans from Arabian Peninsula to Indus River
Valley
Caliph = successors to Muhammad
Roman Empire
What was
the main
religion?
Who ruled
the empire?
Name 3
cultural
achievemen
ts
Who did
they borrow
ideas from?
Islamic Empire
Umayyad Caliphate
- Capital or Arab world moved to Damascus, Syria
- Sunni Muslims = followed new Caliph
- Shiite Muslims = believed only descendants of
Mohammad could be caliph (male)
- Still divided today!
Abbasids Caliphate
- Focused on trade not war
- Baghdad = new capital
- Government with absolute rule
- Converted or enslaved polytheistic people
Golden Age of Muslim Culture
- Algebra, geometry
- Geometric art designs = flowers, stars, mosaics
- Discovered blood moves to and from the heart
- Diagnosed measles, small pox
- Built palaces, mosques
-
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Golden Age of Islam Achievements
Stapled Scantron
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Topic: Post Classical
EQ: How did the African Gold-Salt trade facilitate
the spread of ideas?
66
Gold and other riches in West Africa exchanged
with Asia and Europe
Merchants(Berbers) on camels moved across the
deserts
- Picked up old and gave salt
- Successful trade developed
- Ideas were exchanged – Islam spread
Kingdom of Ghana and Mali control trade
- Creates wealth
- Timbuktu becomes Islamic center
- Made iron swords and spears
Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What was the major impact of the Ottoman
Empire?
67
Islamic state founded by
Osman in northwestern
Anatolia. After the fall of the
Byzantine Empire, the
Ottoman Empire was based
at Istanbul (formerly
Constantinople) from 14531922. It encompassed lands
in the Middle East, North
Africa, the Caucasus, and
eastern Europe.
EXAMPLE
ILLUSTRATION
Ottoman
Empire
SIGNIFICANCE
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The Ottomans – Turkish group from central Asia
- 13th century = rulers of the Islamic world
- Captured Constantinople (1453)
-
Byzantine Empire fell
- Renamed the Constantinople to Istanbul
- Controlled Mediterranean Sea
- United all of the Muslims under their rule
Controlled Silk Road
- Stopped trade along the Silk Road for a time
- Forced China and Europe to find different routes
- Lead to the exploration by sea
- Travel by sea = Americas
Ottoman Rulers
- Rulers = Sultan
- Land ruled by Sultan = Sultanate
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1500) unites Muslim world
- Janissaries = soldiers recruited in childhood used to protect
Empire
Religious Tolerance
Allowed Christians and Jews
–
to have their own communities,
–
represented by their own leaders,
–
make their own laws,
–
collect their own taxes
Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What were the major influences of the Mughal
Empire?
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Muslim Invasion of India
- Enter through the Khyber Pass during 11th and 12th
century
- Establish Sultanates in India
- Spread Islam into predominantly Hindu area
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Mughal Empire 1526 -1837
- Defeated the Turkish Muslims in N India
- Remained Muslims
- Used guns to control their people and fight enemies
- “Gunpowder Empire”
Akbar the Great
- Most famous Mughal ruler
- Conquered other Muslim and Hindu regions
- United N. India
- Allowed religious freedom
- Divided his land into 12 regions
- Officials supervised local government, enforced laws,
collected taxes
- Encouraged learning, painting, music literature
Sikhism
- 1 God
- Mix of Hinduism and Muslim belief
- Reincarnation
- Equality
- Reject Caste System
- Mediation
- Moderation
- 5 K’s – Uncut hair
Taj Mahal
- Built by emperor Shan Johan (not tolerant of Hinduism)
- Tomb for his wife
- Example of architectural achievement
- Merged Persian, Islamic, and Indian style
Sikhism – N India (Punjab)
- Combines Hinduism and Islam
- Founded by Guru Nanak
- Believe in 1 God
Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What were the major achievements of the Tang
and Song Dynasty?
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Fall of the Han Dynasty 220 AD
- Science, Art, and Culture declined
- Many turn to Buddhism
Gun Powder
Printing
Porcelain
Grand Canal
Magnetic
Compass
fff
Accomplishments
Caravan
Mechanical
Clock
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Junks
Paper Money
Tang Dynasty 607 – 907 AD
- Reunited China = Golden Age accomplishments in art
- Art = architecture, sculpture, paintings, and porcelain.
- Peace and prosperity
- Expanded empire = 50 million people
- Feudalism - relationship of giving land in exchange for
service and loyalty
Empress Wu Zetian
- Expanded Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula
- Block printing = mass production of Confucius text so
people can prepare for civil service exam
- Civil service exam = most qualified government
employees
Song Dynasty 960 -1279 AD
- Tang Dynasty falls apart (fragmented)
- Song Dynasty rises
-
Eliminate forced labor
Cities grow large and busy
Worldwide trade
Women in China
- Confucius taught woman must obey her father, husband,
& sons.
- Left home only when married
- Having boy = respect
- Can divorce if both agreed
- Foot binding (limit mobility) practiced in Song Dynasty
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Topic: Post Classical
EQ: How did the Mongols conquer and rule Asia
and Europe?
74
Mongol Empire
- Northwest China – steppe, treeless
- Nomads= yurts
- Excellent horsemen, archers, and fierce warriors
Chinggis (Genghis ) Khan
- Leader of Mongolia
- United Mongol tribes (1206) to create empire
- Began attacking neighboring people
- Fear tactics = success
- Kill all defenders of the city
- No one could stop his 200,00o skilled horsemen
Life in Mongol Empire
- Conquered Beijing and Muslim areas in Central
Asia
- Practiced religious tolerance
- Allowed locals to continue to rule
- Promoted trade across Europe and Asia
- Made sure traders and travelers were safe
Spread and Divide
- 1227 Genghis Khan died
- 1260 Mongol Empire Divided into four Khantes
- Each Khan adapted to the culture
Pax Mongolica
- Period of peace
- Trade thrived
- Exchange ideas between Europe and Asia
- Possibly also responsible for spread of bubonic
plague
Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What was the result of the Mongol invasion of
China?
75
Kublai Khan
- 1279 conquered all of China
- Becomes 1st foreigner ruler
- Unites China
- Opened China to more foreign trade
Kublai Khan
Ogedei Khan
- China
- Russia
- Yuan Dynasty
- Golden Horde
- End 1368
- End 1480
Mongke Khan
Chagatai Khan
- Persia
- Central Asia
- End 1335
- End 1370
Yuan Dynasty
- Kublai Khan creates Yuan dynasty
- Khan claimed Mandate of Heaven
- Moved capital to Beijing
- Attempt to conquer Japan, Koreas
Mongol rule in China
- Appointed foreigners to run government
- Encouraged Mongols to adopt Chinese culture
Marco Polo
- 1275 from Venice, Italy
- Learned Asian languages
- Served under Khan
- Wrote book on travels in China
End of Mongol Rule
- Attacks from Southeast Asia
- Raised taxes to pay for military
- Khan dies in 1294
- No strong leaders after
- Falls to rebels
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Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What lead to the rise of the Renaissance?
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Before
Renaissance
After
Renaissance
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Renaissance – “rebirth” or “revival”
- New interest in learning about Greece & Rome
- Italy (1400s)
- Strategic location on Mediterranean Sea
Why Italy?
- Ottomans stopped overland trade = water
route now passes Italy
- Trade between Europe and Asia creates wealth
- Centers of trade, banking, and making
goods.
- City-states charges fees as products passed
through their shipping ports, making them
wealthier.
New Ideas
- Wealthy Italian merchants and patrons
(supporters) began sponsoring (paying) artists,
writers, and scholars to create great works.
- Secularism (non-religious beliefs) grew as
people showed an interest in this world, not
in the afterlife.
- People used observation and experience to
explain the world, not just the Church’s
teachings
- Encouraged people to question tradition
Topic: Post Classical
EQ: In what ways did art, architecture and literature
of the Renaissance reflect new ideas?
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Closure Activity:
Directions: The image to the right is a visual metaphor that
shows the factors that led to the Renaissance in Europe. Use
the word bank to label each of the 7 parts on the visual. Be
prepared to discuss your answers
Visual Metaphor Word Bank
Classical ideas of Greece and Rome
The growth of city-states
Travel and trade
Learning
Medieval ideas
Art
Humanism
Humanism = an intellectual and philosophical
emphasis on the importance of individuals as
creative and critical thinkers
- Great emphasis on the pride, worth , and
uniqueness of each person
- Believe in the power of human reason to
explain the world
Painting and Sculpture
- Realism & emotion
- Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome
- Emphasis on individuals & interaction between
people
- Geometric arrangements
- Perspective
- Using light & shadows
Architecture
- Return to columns and circular arches
- Domes
Scholarship and Literature
- Described dignity of man
- Celebrated the pleasures of the senses
- Instructed nobles how to behave
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Connecting through Trade
Timeline
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What caused the
Protestant Reformation? 84
The Protestant Reformation
New thought from the Renaissance
Widespread corruption of the church
Many entered clergy just for power, wealth
Indulgences – selling pardons for committing a sin
Pope’s authority was challenged
Directly led to the increased power of monarchs
Martin Luther – 1517 German Monk
- 95 these (statements) – posted on a church door in
Germany
- Challenged the selling of indulgences
- Believed no one had special powers to provide
salvation to people
- Only God had these powers
- Must read and understand the Bible to achieve faith
- Print bible in vernacular (native language)
- Luther was excommunicated – expelled from
church
Lutheranism
- Don’t need priests
- Read bible on your own
- Printing press helped spread the word to others
Anglicanism
- King henry VIII of England creates church
- Wanted divorce and denied by Pope
- Broke from Catholic Church turned to Protestantism
Calvinism
-John Calvin teaches course of life is predestined
85
How did the leaders of the
Catholic Church respond to the
Protestant Reformation?
86
Church fights Reformation
Redefined Catholic beliefs
Ended indulgences
Banned protestant books
Inquisition
- Reinstate the power of the Catholic Church
- A court made to punish heretics (non believers)
- Punished those who denied church teachings
- Church power weakened due to a loss of prestige.
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Topic: Post Classical
EQ: What were the accomplishments of Ming
Dynasty?
88
Ming Dynasty 1388 - 1644
- expanded the size of the Empire
- Replaced the Mongols
- 300 years of peace and prosperity
- Ended paper Money
- Required payments in silver
- Demand for silver increased
Forbidden City
- built in Beijing
- forbidden to all unless you we royalty
- Home of all Emperors
Accomplishment
- a model for world trade and cultural diffusion
- Continue block printing, porcelain, silk
products, and other luxury items
Zheng He Explores
- Expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia,
and East Africa
- Goals – impress world with the power and
splendor of Ming China and expand China’s
tribute system
- Travels from different countries travel to
China with tribute
- Voyages end after Chinese scholar-officials
complain of financial waste
- China withdraws into isolation