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Chapter 2: The Biological Perspective Section 1: An Overview of the Nervous System The Nervous System • Nervous System: an extensive __________ of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the _____ • The nervous system controls _________, movements, _______, and behavior Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network • Neuroscience: a branch of the life sciences that deals with the ___________ and ___________ of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue • Focuses on neural functioning • Biological psychology/ behavioral neuroscience: branch of neuroscience that focuses on the ______________ bases of _______________ processes, behavior, and learning Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block • We know the entire body is composed of ______, each with a different purpose • Neurons: the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that ________ and ______ messages within that system • ___________ of the body • Transmit information hundreds of times a minute Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block • Four Basic Parts of a Neuron • Dendrites: ___________ structures that ________ messages from other neurons • Soma: the ___________ of the neuron responsible for __________ the life of he cell • Axon: ______ structure that carries the neural message to ___________ • Axon terminals: release ____________________ to stimulate _______________ of other neurons Neurons Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block • Myelin Sheath: ________________ that coat the axon of neurons to _______, ________, and _________ up the neural impulses • Nerves: bundles of ______ coated in myelin that travel together through the body Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse • When a neuron is at “_____,” it is still electrically charged • Resting potential: the state of the neuron when ________ a neural impulse • When the cell receives a ______ enough stimulation from another cell, the cell membrane opens up those particular __________ and the impulse rushes in • Action potential: the ______ of the neural impulse Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse • Neurons have a __________ for firing (sending those impulses to the next neuron) • Neurons add each “____________,” & subtract each “_______________” • When it gets enough “fire messages,” the threshold has been crossed and the __________ the impulse • If not stimulated past the minimum threshold, ___________________ • All-or-none SECTION 2: SENDING THE MESSAGE TO OTHER CELLS: SYNAPSE The Synapse • At the end of the axon terminals are synaptic knobs (_____________ at the end) • Synaptic vesicles: saclike structures found _____ the synaptic knob containing _______________ • Neurons transmit impulses to one another by releasing chemicals known as neurotransmitters • The chemicals are contained within the synaptic vesicles The Synapse • Synapse: microscopic _____________ between the synaptic _____ of one cell and the __________ of the next cell • __________________ travel within this space and enter into the receptor sites of the ___________ SECTION 3: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The “Central Processing Unit” The Central Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS): part of the nervous system consisting of the ______ and _____________ • Controls the ____________ functions of the body, and thought, emotion, and behavior The Brain • Core of the nervous system • Makes ____ of the information received from the __________ • Makes _____________ • Sends _________ out to the muscles and the rest of the body The Spinal Cord • Spinal Cord: a long ____________________ that carries messages between the body and the brain • “Pipeline” • Responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes SECTION 4: THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves on the Edge The Peripheral Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous system (PNS): all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run __________________________ • Allows the brain and spinal cord to _____________ with the sensory systems (______, _____, ______, and _______) The Somatic Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System: division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the _______ to the _______ and from the ______ to the __________________ of the body • Ex. Muscles used for walking, lifting a book, shaking your head The Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): division of the PNS consisting of nerves that ___________________ muscles, organs, and glands • ____________________________________ • Ex. Heartbeat, blood pressure, stomach activity, etc. SECTION 5: LOOKING INSIDE THE LIVING BRAIN Lesioning Studies • Deep lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated _____ into the brain through which an ________ current is sent that destroys the _________ at the tip of the wire • Mostly done with animals Brain Stimulation • Stimulation– stimulate parts of the brain to determine what _________ various parts of the brain perform • Localize _____________ parts for which survey may be required Mapping Structure • Computed Tomography (CT): brain imaging method using computer-controlled ________ of the brain • Shows ______ damage, ______, _______, and ________ brain structures • Can also show possible skull __________ • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): brain imaging method using ____________ and ____________ of the body to produce detailed images of the brain • Shows greater ________ than CT scans Mapping Function • Electroencephalograph (EEG): a recording of the _______________ of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull • _____ attached to the scalp monitor millions of neurons • Measures stages of _________, _________, presence of ______ • Can also be used to determine areas of the brain involved in various ___________________ Mapping Function • Position Emission Tomography (PET): brain-imagining method in which a _____________________ is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a ______________ image of the activity of the brain • Activity like ______ consumption and __________________ levels • Functioning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): MRI-based brainimaging method that allows for __________ examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation SECTION 6: FROM THE BOTTOM UP The Structures of the Brain Hindbrain Hindbrain Medulla Hindbrain Pons Hindbrain The Reticular Formation Hindbrain Cerebellum Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cortex Corpus Callosum Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Frontal Lobe