Download Chapter 6: Body and Behavior

Chapter 2: The
Biological
Perspective
Section 1: An Overview of
the Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Nervous System: an
extensive __________ of
specialized cells that
carries information to and
from all parts of the _____
• The nervous system
controls _________,
movements, _______,
and behavior
Neurons and Nerves:
Building the Network
• Neuroscience: a branch of the life
sciences that deals with the
___________ and ___________ of
neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue
• Focuses on neural functioning
• Biological psychology/
behavioral neuroscience:
branch of neuroscience that
focuses on the ______________
bases of _______________
processes, behavior, and
learning
Structure of the Neuron: The
Nervous System’s Building Block
• We know the entire body is
composed of ______, each with a
different purpose
• Neurons: the basic cell that
makes up the nervous system
and that ________ and ______
messages within that system
• ___________ of the body
• Transmit information
hundreds of times a minute
Structure of the Neuron: The
Nervous System’s Building Block
• Four Basic Parts of a Neuron
• Dendrites: ___________ structures
that ________ messages from other
neurons
• Soma: the ___________ of the
neuron responsible for __________
the life of he cell
• Axon: ______ structure that carries
the neural message to ___________
• Axon terminals: release
____________________ to
stimulate _______________ of other
neurons
Neurons
Structure of the Neuron: The
Nervous System’s Building Block
• Myelin Sheath: ________________ that coat the axon
of neurons to _______, ________, and _________ up
the neural impulses
• Nerves: bundles of ______ coated in myelin that travel
together through the body
Generating the Message Within the
Neuron: The Neural Impulse
• When a neuron is at “_____,” it
is still electrically charged
• Resting potential: the state
of the neuron when ________
a neural impulse
• When the cell receives a ______
enough stimulation from another
cell, the cell membrane opens
up those particular __________
and the impulse rushes in
• Action potential: the ______
of the neural impulse
Generating the Message Within the
Neuron: The Neural Impulse
• Neurons have a __________ for
firing (sending those impulses to the
next neuron)
• Neurons add each “____________,”
& subtract each “_______________”
• When it gets enough “fire
messages,” the threshold has
been crossed and the __________
the impulse
• If not stimulated past the minimum
threshold, ___________________
• All-or-none
SECTION 2: SENDING THE
MESSAGE TO OTHER CELLS:
SYNAPSE
The Synapse
• At the end of the axon terminals are
synaptic knobs (_____________ at
the end)
• Synaptic vesicles: saclike
structures found _____ the synaptic
knob containing _______________
• Neurons transmit impulses to one
another by releasing chemicals
known as neurotransmitters
• The chemicals are contained
within the synaptic vesicles
The Synapse
• Synapse: microscopic _____________
between the synaptic _____ of one cell
and the __________ of the next cell
• __________________ travel within
this space and enter into the
receptor sites of the ___________
SECTION 3: THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The “Central Processing Unit”
The Central Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
(CNS): part of the nervous
system consisting of the ______
and _____________
• Controls the ____________
functions of the body, and
thought, emotion, and
behavior
The Brain
• Core of the nervous system
• Makes ____ of the information
received from the __________
• Makes _____________
• Sends _________ out to the
muscles and the rest of the
body
The Spinal Cord
• Spinal Cord: a long
____________________
that carries messages
between the body and the
brain
• “Pipeline”
• Responsible for very
fast, lifesaving reflexes
SECTION 4: THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves on the Edge
The Peripheral Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous system
(PNS): all nerves and neurons
that are not contained in the
brain and spinal cord but that run
__________________________
• Allows the brain and spinal
cord to _____________ with
the sensory systems (______,
_____, ______, and _______)
The Somatic Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System: division of the PNS
consisting of nerves that carry information from the
_______ to the _______ and from the ______ to the
__________________ of the body
• Ex. Muscles used for walking, lifting a book, shaking
your head
The Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): division of the
PNS consisting of nerves that ___________________
muscles, organs, and glands
• ____________________________________
• Ex. Heartbeat, blood pressure, stomach activity,
etc.
SECTION 5: LOOKING INSIDE
THE LIVING BRAIN
Lesioning Studies
• Deep lesioning: insertion of
a thin, insulated _____ into
the brain through which an
________ current is sent
that destroys the _________
at the tip of the wire
• Mostly done with animals
Brain Stimulation
• Stimulation– stimulate parts
of the brain to determine
what _________ various
parts of the brain perform
• Localize _____________
parts for which survey
may be required
Mapping Structure
• Computed Tomography (CT): brain imaging method
using computer-controlled ________ of the brain
• Shows ______ damage, ______, _______, and
________ brain structures
• Can also show possible skull __________
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): brain imaging
method using ____________ and ____________ of the
body to produce detailed images of the brain
• Shows greater ________ than CT scans
Mapping Function
• Electroencephalograph (EEG): a
recording of the _______________
of large groups of cortical neurons
just below the skull
• _____ attached to the scalp
monitor millions of neurons
• Measures stages of _________,
_________, presence of ______
• Can also be used to determine
areas of the brain involved in
various ___________________
Mapping Function
• Position Emission Tomography
(PET): brain-imagining method in which
a _____________________ is injected
into the subject and a computer
compiles a ______________ image of
the activity of the brain
• Activity like ______ consumption
and __________________ levels
• Functioning Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI): MRI-based brainimaging method that allows for
__________ examination of brain
areas through changes in brain
oxygenation
SECTION 6: FROM THE
BOTTOM UP
The Structures of the Brain
Hindbrain
Hindbrain
Medulla
Hindbrain
Pons
Hindbrain
The Reticular Formation
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
Limbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe