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Solar System History Planetos Greek for Wanderer English Planet Sun Saturn Mercury Jupiter Discovered with telescope Venus Moon Uranus Neptune 1 1846 Page 1781 Mars Solar System Part Planets Rocky Type Gas Giants Type Dwarf Mercury Jupiter Eris (plutoid) Composition Venus Saturn Pluto (plutoid) Composition Earth Uranus Mars Neptune Icy/Rocky Composition Icy Composition Rocky 2 MakeMake (plutoid) (Mah-key Mah-key) Icy Ceres Page Type Solar System Part Other Type Type Type Asteroids Comets Kuiper Belt Dust & Rocks Where found Where found Where found In space Composition Rocky Number > 750,000 Ort Cloud Composition Ice, dry ice, frozen ammonia, dust Number Several trillion Past Neptune Composition Icy Number >35,000 Meteoroid In atmosphere Meteor Hits Earth 3 Between Mars/Jupiter Meteorite Page Type Planets Type Rocky Venus 1 / 8 Order from Sun/Ranking 2 / 6 Order from Sun/Ranking 3 Day/Year (Earth Hours/Days/Years) 59 dys / 88 dys Weight on Planet x .38 243 dys / 225 dys Weight on Planet x .86 Mars / 5 Order from Sun/Ranking 4 / 7 Day/Year (Earth Hours/Days/Years) 24 hrs / 365 dys Weight on Planet your weight 25 hrs / abt 2 yrs Weight on Planet x .38 4 Order from Sun/Ranking Earth Page Mercury Planets Type Gas Giants 5 / 1 Uranus Order from Sun/Ranking 6 / 2 Order from Sun/Ranking 7 Day/Year (Earth Hours/Days/Years) 10 hrs / 12 yrs Weight on Planet x 2.87 11 hrs / 29 yrs Weight on Planet x 1.32 Neptune / 3 Order from Sun/Ranking 8 / 4 Day/Year (Earth Hours/Days/Years) 17 hrs / 84 yrs Weight on Planet x .93 16 hrs / 165 yrs Weight on Planet x 1.23 5 Order from Sun/Ranking Saturn Page Jupiter Sun Facts Planets Diameter 1,400,000 kilometers Planetary Records Weight x 27 Nearest to Sun Jupiter Mercury Mercury Diameter Diameter Length of Year 143,200 km 4,880 km 88 days Weight (if 100 pounds) Weight (if 100 pounds) 287 pounds 38 pounds Distance 58,000,000 km Farthest from Sun Neptune Length of Year 165 years Distance 2,871,000,000 km 6 Smallest Planet Page Largest Planet Gravity Solar System/Earth-Moon System Mass of Object Effect Effect Gravity Solar System Large Mass (Jupiter/Sun) Small Mass (Mercury/Ceres) Planets fly off into space Planets revolve around Sun Large gravity Small gravity No Gravity Earth/Moon System Gravity Earth/Moon System Weight (More/Less) Weight (More/Less) Moon revolves around Earth revolves around Sun Weigh more Jupiter Sun Weigh less Mercury Ceres 7 Moon/Earth fly off into space X 2.87 x 27 x .38 x .002 Page No Gravity Solar System Solar System Fact Sheet (Source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov; http://solarviews.com) The Solar System Categories Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Rocky or Gas Rocky Rocky Rocky Rocky Gas Gas Gas Gas 57.9 108.2 149.6 227.9 778.3 1,427 2,871 5,914 Revolution (Year) 88 Days 225 Days 365 Days 687 Days 12 Years 29 Years 84 Years 165 Years Rotation (Day) 59 days 243 days (backwards) 23 hours 56 min. 24 hours 31 min. 9 hours 55 min. 10 hours 42 min. 17 hours 12 min. (backwards) 16 hours 6 min. Diameter (kilometers) 4,880 12,100 12,756 6,794 143,200 120,000 51,800 49,528 Moons 0 0 1 2 63 63 27 13 Rings No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Temperature -300o F. to 800 o F. 900 o F. -125o F. to 125o F. -200o F. to 72o F. -230o F. (average) -284o F. (average) -383o F. (average) -392o F. (average) Weight on Planet* .38 .86 1 .38 2.87 1.32 .93 1.23 Distance from Sun (millions of kilometers) Categories Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Atmosphere Various gases CO2 Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Helium Hydrogen Helium Very Thin Thicker Thicker Thin Very Thick Very Thick Hydrogen Helium Methane Hydrogen Helium Methane Very Thick Very Thick *To calculate your weight on the Sun or planet, multiply your weight by the number in the column. For example, if you weighed 100 pound on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mercury, 86 pounds on Venus, etc. Other Bodies in the Solar System Major Moons Revolves Around Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Your weight on moon* Atmosphere Larger than Mercury Earth 384,000 3,500 .16 None No Io Jupiter 421,600 3,600 .18 Very thin; sulfur gas from volcanoes. No Europa Jupiter 671,000 3,200 .13 Very thin; oxygen. No Ganymede Jupiter 1,100,000 5,300 .15 Very thin; oxygen. Yes** Callisto Jupiter 1,890,000 4,800 .13 None No Moon Moon Revolves Around Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Your weight on moon* Atmosphere Larger than Mercury Enceladus Saturn 238,000 500 .003 (est.) Water Vapor No Titan Saturn 1,222,000 5,150 .15 Nitrogen/Methane Yes Miranda Uranus 130,000 470 .001 (est.) None No Triton Neptune 355,000 2,700 .06 (est.) Very thin; nitrogen ice particles. No Charon Pluto 19,700 1,180 .03 (est.) None No Moon * Your weight times the number in the column. **Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. Surface Features of Major Moons Moon Moon Surface Features Surface covered with craters. There are also flat areas of lava flow (called Maria – Latin for seas). Io Io is covered with active volcanoes that erupt with molten sulfur. Molten sulfur is also thrown into the atmosphere; most falls to the surface as “snow.” Surface colors are brown, orange, and yellow. Europa Entire surface is ice. There are ice volcanoes. The surface shows movement similar to that around the North Pole, indicating the possibilities of a water ocean under the ice. Ganymede Callisto Has an icy surface. May have a liquid water ocean underneath the ice. Very heavily craters. May have ocean underneath the surface that filled older craters. Craters on surface indicate the oldest surface in the Solar System. Moon Surface Features Enceladus Very bright, icy surface. The surface is split; there are plains. The surface has numerous ridges and rough terrain. There are water jets coming from the surface. There may be a liquid ocean under the surface. Titan Surface cannot be seen because of thick clouds in atmosphere. The Cassini probe and Huygens Lander have shown a frozen surface with methane lakes. There appear to be mountains, rivers, channels, and plains. Surface may be similar to that of the Earth. Miranda Its surface is unlike anything in the Solar System. Miranda may be have been broken apart by a collision with a moon long ago. It appears the moon may have come back together in a jumbled fashion. There are canyons, mountains, and rough surfaces. The most prominent feature on the surface is an area that is shaped like a chevron (V-shaped). Triton Triton’s surface is covered with ridged areas, canyons, and grooves. Liquid nitrogen geysers also cover the surface. Charon May be covered with water ice and little rock. Dwarf Planets Body Diameter (kilometers) Distance from Sun (millions of kilometers) Rotation (Day) Revolution (Year) Moons Rings Eris (Icy) (plutoid*) 2,400 5,700 (closest)** 14,700 (farthest) Unknown 557 Earth Years 1 No Temperature Atmosphere -406o F. None Weight on Body*** .07 Body Diameter (kilometers) Distance from Sun (millions of kilometers) Rotation (Day) Revolution (Year) Moons Rings Pluto (Icy/Rocky) (plutoid*) 2,300 4,400 (closest)** 7,400 (farthest) 6.4 Earth Days 248 Earth Years 3 No -380o F. Nitrogen, CO2, and Methane (Thin) .07 Haumea (how-MAYuh) (Icy/Rocky) (plutoid*) (Eggshaped) 2,000 x 1,000 5,300 (closest)** 7,700 (farthest) 3 hrs 55 min 285 Earth Years 2 No -402o F. ? .05 MakeMake (Mah-Key) (Icy) (plutoid*) 1,300 – 1,900 5,700 (closest)** 8,000 (farthest) ? 310 Earth Years 0 No -406o F. Methane .05 Ceres (Rocky) 950 446 9 hours 4.6 Earth Years 0 No -100o F. (Sun high overhead) None .003 Temperature Atmosphere *Plutoid – a dwarf planet outside the orbit of Neptune. **Closest – closest approach to Sun; Farthest – farthest distance from Sun. ***Your weight times the number in the column. Weight on Body*** Comets Composition (what they are made of!) Location of Comets Distance from Sun (km) Number -Water ice, dry ice, ammonia ice, dirt, and rocks. -Sometimes called “dirty snowballs” or “icy mudballs.” Come from the Kuiper Belt (outside the orbit of Neptune) or the Oort Cloud (Oort Cloud named after Jan Oort who proposed its existence [has not been confirmed]) 10,000,000,000,000 (one light year) Over 1,000,000,000,000 (source: Amateur Observer’s Program – Comets & Asteroids) Main Parts of a Comet Nucleus – The “dirty snowball.” Coma – Dense cloud of vaporized ices and dirt that surrounds Nucleus. Tail – Gases and other particles blown off the comet by the Solar Wind (particles from the Sun). Always points away from the Sun. A comet’s path around the Sun 2 3 1 6 5 4 1. At first, a comet is nothing more than a dirty frozen “snowball” in space. 2. As it approaches the Sun, the gases start vaporizing and you start to see the coma. 3. As the comet gets close enough to the Sun, a tail forms (made of dirt and gas being pushed away from the comet’s nucleus by the solar wind). 4. It passes around the Sun. The tail is longest at this point. (If the comet gets close enough to the Sun, it can break-up into many pieces. It can also get close enough to be pulled into the Sun.) 5. It moves away form the Sun. The tail is smaller and pointing away from the Sun. It is pushed by the solar wind. 6. It gets fainter and the tail smaller. Eventually it can no longer be seen. (source: crystalinks.com) Asteroids Composition Locations Distance from Sun (km) Number Size Range Irregular rocky bodies Most found between orbit of Mars & Jupiter 270,000,000 to 675,000,000 Over 150,000 526 km to around 100 meters Two Largest Vesta – 526 km Pallas – 520 km Meteoroids/Meteors/Meteorites Where They Come From -Most come from the Asteroid Belt. -Few come from particles left from comets when Earth crosses their path. Size Range Grain of sand to less than 100 meters. Definition of a Meteoroid Grain or rock that is travelling in space. Definition of a Meteor Definition of a Meteorite Grain or rock that has entered the atmosphere (sometimes called “shooting” or “falling” star.) A meteor that is large enough to survive the trip through the atmosphere and hit the Earth’s surface. Do I Need a Telescope? Solar System Body Visible Without a Telescope Mercury Yes Venus Yes Mars Yes Asteroids No Jupiter Yes Saturn Yes Uranus No Neptune No Dwarf Planets No Solar System Body Visible Without a Telescope Comets Depends** **Comets are not visible without a telescope when they are far from the Sun. As they approach the Sun, the size of the comet, how much light it reflects, and how close to Earth it gets all affect if it can be seen without a telescope. Some can, but most cannot be seen without a telescope. Solar System Final Test Please Do Not Write on This Test Terima kasih You may use the Solar System Fact Sheet on this test. 1. Which planets are the TERRESTRIAL (ROCKY) planets? a. Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus b. Earth, Jupiter, MakeMake c. Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars d. Haumea, comets, asteroids, meteors. Use the picture to answer questions 2-4. (source: DS1 Principles of Operations, Northwestern University) 2. What is the DIFFERENCE between the rocky planets and gas giants? a. Rocky planets are SMALLER than are the gas giants. b. Gas giants are FARTHER from the Sun. c. Rocky planets are WARMER than the gas giants. d. ALL of the above. 3. What is the ORDER of the planets from the Sun? a. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus b. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus c. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune d. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto 1 4. Identify a PROBLEM with the picture. a. Saturn should be LARGER than Jupiter. b. ALL the inner planets HAVE rings. c. ALL the outer planets HAVE rings. d. There is NOTHING wrong with this diagram. 5. Planet X is a small, terrestrial planet that has no moon, no water, and no atmosphere. WHICH planet is Planet X? a. Mercury b. Neptune c. Mars d. Earth 6. NASA has lost a spacecraft. Before communication was lost, Astonisher 17 sent back some information. Where will you MOST LIKELY find the lost spacecraft? Name: Astonisher 17 Mission: Atmospheric study Last facts reported: 4 4 4 4 4 The probe was AT LEAST 105,000,000 kilometers from Earth. Its surface CAN’T be seen because of the clouds. It has AT LEAST thirteen moons. It is BLUE-GREEN in color. It is LESS THAN 50,000 kilometers in diameter. You will MOST LIKELY find Astonisher 17 at… a. Venus. b. Eris. c. Uranus. d. Neptune. 7. What is the BIGGEST moon in the Solar System? a. The Moon b. Triton c. Titan d. Ganymede 8. Which is the CORRECT order of the planets from the LARGEST to the SMALLEST? a. Saturn, Mars, Venus, Mercury b. Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars c. Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus d. Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury 2 Use the graph to answer the next question. Diameter of Selected Planets 9. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Mercury? a. Planet A b. Planet B c. Planet C d. Planet D Use the graph to answer the next question. Distance of Selected Planets From the Sun 10. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Saturn? a. Planet A b. Planet B c. Planet C d. Planet D 3 Use the graph to answer the next question. Average Temperature of Selected Planets 11. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Mars? a. Planet A b. Planet B c. Planet C d. Planet D Use the graph to answer the next question. Mass of Selected Planets 12. On which planet would you weigh the MOST? a. Planet A b. Planet B c. Planet C d. Planet D 4 13. A probe from Earth has landed on an UNKNOWN object. Information sent to Earth describes the object as; mostly rock, some traces of metal, irregular shaped, and orbiting around the sun. From the following information, what would you CONCLUDE this object might be? a. Comet b. Asteroid c. Meteorite d. Star 14. What is the DIFFERENCE between a meteor and meteorite? a. A METEOR is in the ATMOSPHERE and a METEORITE is on EARTH. b. A METEORITE is in the ATMOSPHERE and a METEOR is on EARTH. c. A METEOR is on EARTH and a METEORITE is in SPACE. d. They are the SAME. 15. Comets are icy masses of frozen gases and dust particles. What HAPPENS as a comet APPROACHES the Sun? a. The gases CATCH FIRE, making the comet GLOW. b. The ice begins to VAPORIZE, leaving a tail of GASES AND DEBRIS. c. The comet EXPLODES, which is called a supernova. d. The comet BOUNCES off the Sun’s magnetosphere. 16. What SEPARATES the rocky planets from the gas giants? a. Nothing b. Mars c. Comets d. The Asteroid Belt 17. Which of the following instruments could BEST see the rings on Saturn? a. Your eyes b. Binoculars c. Telescope d, Magnifying glass 18. What is an IMPORTANT function of space probes, such as Voyager, as they travel in space? a. To LAND on each planet and report the conditions there. b. To TAKE PICTURES and send them back to Earth. c. To FLY-BY other planets. d. To see if LIFE EXISTS on other planets. 5 Use the chart for the next question. Observed Physical Features Celestial Body Instrument Physical Features Moon Telescope Light patterns, craters, hills, valleys Mercury Telescope Light patterns, hills, valleys, craters Venus Space Probe Mars Telescope Craters, valleys, hills Hills, volcano craters, valleys, mountains, ice caps, empty river beds, empty lakes 19. Physical features of the planets in the chart are visible through a telescope except Venus. Why would a telescope NOT BE GOOD ENOUGH to see craters, valleys, etc. on Venus? a. Venus is COVERED with clouds that block our view of its surface. b. Earth’s CLOUDS GET IN THE WAY of Earth-bound telescopes. c. The Moon BLOCKS our view of Venus. d. Scientists are FEARFUL of viewing Venus through telescopes because it is too near the Sun. Use the chart for the next question. Technology Discovery Hubble Telescope Quasar, Galaxies Radio Telescope Evidence of Black Holes International Space Station Greater detail, Planets, Sun Optical Telescope Planets, moon 20. The discovery of non-light emitting celestial bodies were found MAINLY by… a. the Hubble Telescope. b. the International Space Station. c. optical telescopes. d. radio telescopes. 6 21. Without gravity, what would be the SHAPE of the solar system? a. Planets would REVOLVE in perfect circles. b. There would be NO solar system. c. Planets’ orbits would CROSS. d. All planets would be in the SAME orbit. 22. An astronaut will feel LESS gravitational pull on the Moon than on Earth; therefore…. a. an astronaut can jump much FARTHER on the Moon. b. an astronaut will feel very HEAVY on the Moon and be unable to jump. c. an astronaut will jump the SAME distance on the Moon as on Earth. d. an astronaut CANNOT jump anywhere because the suit is too HEAVY. 23. What force KEEPS the planets in their orbits? a. The Sun. b. The Sun’s GRAVITY. c. The planet’s gravity. d. The MILKY WAY’S gravity. 24. The Earth’s gravity is PULLING us towards… a. the CENTER of the Earth. b. the Moon. c. the Sun. d. the Earth’s crust. 7 Answer Key Objective 1a - Identify the planets in the solar system by name and relative location from the sun. 1. Which planets are the TERRESTRIAL (ROCKY) planets? c. Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars 2. What is the DIFFERENCE between the rocky planets and gas giants? d. ALL of the above. 3. What is the ORDER of the planets from the Sun? c. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 4. Identify a PROBLEM with the picture. c. ALL the outer planets HAVE rings. Objective 1b - Using references, compare the physical properties of the planets (e.g., size, solid or gaseous). 5. Planet X is planet is a small, terrestrial planet that has no moon, no water, and no atmosphere. Which planet is Planet X? a. Mercury 6. You will most likely find Astonisher 17 at… d. Neptune. 8 7. What is the BIGGEST moon in the Solar System? d. Ganymede 8. Which is the correct order of the planets from the LARGEST to the SMALLEST? b. Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars Objective 1c - Use models and graphs that accurately depict scale to compare the size and distance between objects in the solar system. 9. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Mercury? b. Planet B 10. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Saturn? c. Planet C 11. Based on the INFORMATION in the graph, WHICH PLANET is Mars? d. Planet D 12. On which planet would you weigh the MOST? d. Planet D Objective 1d - Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors. 13. A probe from Earth has landed on an unknown object. Information sent to Earth describes the object as; mostly rock, some traces of metal, irregular shaped, and orbiting around the sun. From the following information, what would you CONCLUDE this object might be? b. Asteroid 9 14. What is the DIFFERENCE between a meteor and meteorite? a. A METEOR is in the ATMOSPEHRE and a METEORITE is on EARTH. 15. Comets are icy masses of frozen gases and dust particle. What HAPPENS as a comet APPROACHES the Sun? b. The ice begins to MELT, leaving a trail of GASES AND DEBRIS. 16. What SEPARATES the rocky planets from the gas giants? d. The Asteroid Belt Objective 2c - Relate science’s understanding of the solar system to the technology used to investigate it. 17. Which of the following instruments could best see the rings on Saturn? c. Telescope 18. What is an IMPORTANT function of space probes, such as Voyager, as they travel in space? b. To TAKE PICTURES and send them back to Earth. 19. Physical features of the planets in the chart are visible through a telescope except Venus. Why would a telescope not be good enough to see craters, valleys, etc. on Venus? a. Venus is covered with clouds that block our view of its surface. 10 20. The discovery of non-light emitting celestial bodies were found MAINLY through… d. Radio Telescope Objective 3c - Identify the role gravity plays in the structure of the solar system. 21. Without gravity, what would be the SHAPE of the solar system? b. There would be NO solar system. 22. An astronaut will feel LESS gravitational pull on the Moon than on Earth; therefore…. a. an astronaut can jump much FURTHER on the Moon. 23. What force KEEP the planets in their orbits? b. The Sun’s gravity. 24. Earth’s gravity is PULLING us towards… a. the center of the Earth. 11