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Chapter 9 Including previously released Bonus Material! Chapter 9 Focus Questions (Be able to elucidate) • Where did the new nation find economic opportunities in the world market? • How did Jefferson’s presidency calm the political differences of the 1790s? • What values were embodied in republican agrarianism? • What unresolved issues between the United States and Britain led to the War of 1812? • What were the causes of Indian resistance and how did the War of 1812 resolve them? • How did the Missouri Compromise reveal the dangers of expansion? 2 The People Divide • By the mid-1790s, opposition groups had formed a coalition called the Jeffersonian Republicans • The administration’s supporters were known as Federalists • Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton caused the first disagreement when he submitted to Congress the first of several major policy statements in January 1790 – Ardent proponent of U.S. economic development – Competitive self-interest was the surest guide to behavior – Hamilton’s politics were profoundly conservative Still More…. • Consideration of these recommendations was delayed by a debate over slavery started by a Quaker call for the end of the slave trade and improvement of the condition of slavery • Southerners warned that any congressional claims to authority in the matter would lead to civil war and defended the slave trade as rescuing blacks from savagery • Northerners agreed that Congress had no authority in the issue Some felt that the Northern position was an attempt to ensure Southern support of Hamilton’s proposals And…. • Those states who had paid their debts, such as Pennsylvania and Virginia, were opposed to federal assumption of them Critics said it would strengthen the federal government at the expense of the states since money people would look to them for a return on investment and it would spur federal use of taxation powers • Congress supported Hamilton’s measures in part because southerners swapped support for a federal capitol in the south on the Potomac So…. We have the National Bank! • The second phase of Hamilton’s program was a national bank capable of handling the government’s financial affairs and pooling private investment capital • Washington, following Hamilton’s arguments regarding the “implied powers” of the Constitution over Jefferson’s strict reading of it, signed the bill POW So…. Hamilton keeps proposing December 1790, Hamilton proposed a series of excise taxes, including one on the manufacture of distilled liquor Signaled government desire to use taxing power to increase revenue Whiskey Tax became law in March 1791 “The power to tax and spend is the power to govern” • The Whiskey Tax – March 1791 – Significance of the law? – Consequence of the rebellion? (Sin Tax) think Stamp Act – livelihood depended on the transport of surplus grain in the form of distilled alcohol, which was easier to ship – Sensed control of local affairs slipping away as backcountry was increasingly absorbed into the market economy and system of politics dominated by more populous, commercialized areas to the east– Washington calls out the troops. Heard rumors of Spanish emissaries. French Revolution • France’s revolution began in 1789 as an effort to reform the injustices of a weakened monarchy and soon exploded into a radical rebellion with the beheading of Louis XVI in 1793 • For more than a decade the revolution dominated the stage in European politics – Divided Americans deeply. Why? THE PROMISE AND PERIL OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • By mid-1790s, American merchants were earning handsome profits from neutral trade with both England and France – American shipbuilding was booming – In 1800, American ships carried 92 percent of all commerce between U.S. and Europe • England and France wanted American goods but also wanted to prevent goods from reaching the other – Stopped American ships and confiscated their cargoes. – Royal Navy also practiced impressment – French Treaty of 1778 seemed to obligate U.S. to side with France Jay’s Treaty • Contains British promises to withdraw from western posts • Gains U.S. access to Caribbean ports • Says treaty stops up a “breach” with England • Critics: no compensation for lost slaves, British not evacuating posts quick enough, impressment still happening and Caribbean is still blocked. Viewed as a “cowardly” treaty. Hamilton is stoned! John Adams • With Washington out of the picture, the presidential election of 1796 narrowed to Thomas Jefferson or John Adams, two very different men who had a great deal of shared experiences in the Revolution and the creation of the government – Adams was a committed Federalist who believed in a vigorous national government, was appalled by the French Revolution and feared “excessive democracy” – Jefferson, while supporting the Constitution, was alarmed by Hamilton’s financial program, viewed France’s revolution as a logical extension of America’s struggle for freedom, and hoped to expand democracy at home • Adams won the election by only three votes, with Jefferson to serve as his Vice President!!! XYZ • Adam’s first trial as president – French interference with American shipping in the Caribbean • Delegation was dispatched to Paris – French administrators (termed X, Y, Z) demanded bribes loans to see Talleyrand – Foreign Minister – Adams reported the “XYZ Affair” to Congress – Federalist congressmen - insult to American honor • Secretary of State Pickering urged a declaration of war – More conflict: Quasi-War • encounters between American and French ships on the high seas This sparks the… Alien & Sedition Acts • May 1798: Congress called for a naval force capable of defending the American coast against French attack – July: repealed the treaty of 1778 which promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future • called for the formation of 10,000 man army – Jeffersonians (“Republicans”) worried the army would be used against them – Adams worried about Hamilton placed in charge of the army • issued few officer commissions thereby preventing the army’s mobilization A & S Acts (cont) • Congress sought to curb the flow of aliens into the country – The Naturalization Act 1798? • raised residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years – The Alien Act? • authorized the president to expel aliens whom he judged dangerous – The Alien Enemies Act? • empowered the president in time of war to arrest, imprison or banish the subjects of any hostile nation without specifying charges against them or providing opportunity for appeal ASA Cont. • The Sedition Act? – punishable by fine and imprisonment to conspire in opposition to the government – aid insurrections, etc – write, print, utter or publish statements that brought the government Congress or the President into disrepute – investigations were launched that were intended to force foreigners to register with the government – Large numbers of foreigners left the country A Moment of Silence Please • 1799 • Taps The “Revolution” of 1800 http://www.270towin.com/1800_Election/ • The Federalists were in disarray – Plotted Adams defeat when he announced effort to be re-elected • Jefferson and Aaron Burr each had 75 votes and Adams had only 65 – The election was thrown into the House of Representatives where Jefferson was elected 10 states to 4 states on the 36th ballot – Twelfth amendment provided for separate ballots for president and vice president • Federalists split their vote, otherwise might have won Republican Agrarianism • Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong president with strong party backing. • Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian republic of roughly equal yeoman farmers. America’s abundant land allowed Jefferson to envision a nation of small family farms. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Tall, ungainly, and diffident in manner, Thomas Jefferson was nonetheless a man of genius: an architect, naturalist, philosopher and politician. His political philosophy, republican agrarianism, is illustrated by this symbol of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, in which the farmer exemplifies Jefferson’s hopes for America. As he said, “those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.” © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Jefferson’s Government • Jefferson’s promise to reduce the size of the federal government. • The unfinished state of the nation’s capital reflected the emphasis on local communities. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 An Independent Judiciary • While removing Federalist officeholders, Jefferson provoked a landmark Supreme Court decision. • Marbury v. Madison did not restore William Marbury to his post, but it established the principle of judicial review and an independent judiciary. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase • Map: Louisiana Purchase • The conflict between France and Britain threatened American security. • Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory threatened American access to the Mississippi River. • Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but accepted the French offer to buy the entire territory. • The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, fulfilling Jefferson’s desire for continued expansion. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 MAP 9.2 Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the largest peaceful acquisition of territory in U.S. history, more than doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–06) was the first to survey and document the natural and human richness of the area. The American sense of expansiveness and continental destiny owes more to the extraordinary opportunity provided byPearson the Louisiana than to other factors. © 2009 Education,Purchase Inc. 26 Incorporating Louisiana • The immediate issue was how to incorporate the French and Spanish inhabitants of the Louisiana territory. • The solution was to maintain aspects of French institutions in Louisiana. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Texas and the Struggle for Mexican Independence • Acquisition of Louisiana put the United States in conflict with Spain. • America now shared a vague boundary with Mexico’s Texas. • Several populist revolts fueled a strong independence movement in Mexico. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 28