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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
A glossary of terms for Asthma Educators and other Health Care Professionals
A
(androgens and estrogens) while a separate
part produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
AAE — Association of Asthma Educators (U.S.A.)
adrenergic — referring to nerve cells of the
autonomic nervous system that uses
norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter
AAP — asthma action plan
acaricides — chemical compounds used to kill
acarids such as mites, ticks, etc.
acetylcholine — a substance in the body that
permits the transfer of messages from one
nerve to another, a neurotransmitter that is
involved in vasodilation
Accolate — trade name for zafirlukast. See
zafirlukast.
ACOS — Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome
ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone — a
hormone produced by the pituitary gland that
stimulates the adrenal gland cortex and its
secretion of corticosteroids. Secretion of ACTH is
controlled by the hypothalamus gland
action plan — see asthma action plan
additive — permitted chemicals that can be
added to manufactured and prepared foods to
increase shelf life, preserve, texturize or to make
foods look better
adherence — refers to the patient’s ability and
willingness to follow a prescribed regimen
adrenal glands — situated on the kidneys they
produce steroid hormones, the sex hormones
adrenomimetic — to act in a manner similar to
epinephrine and norepinephrine. See also
sympathomimetic
adrenoceptors or adreno receptors — receptor
cells to which secretions of the adrenal gland
attach themselves
Advair — trade name for the combination of the
two drugs Flovent and Serevent, used to control
asthma. They should not be used for immediate
relief of symptoms
aeroallergens — air borne allergens
Aerobid — trade name for flunisolide
aerolized — refers to medication that is
combined with air so that it is in the form of
extremely fine droplets that are easily inhaled
airborne contaminants — substances in the air
which when inhaled may cause tissue reaction,
damage, or disease. Contaminants have an
effect on the respiratory system and can be
absorbed into the bloodstream causing damage
to both blood and organs
Airomir — trade name of an HFA inhaler of
salbutamol sulphate that is used for relief of
symptoms in asthma
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
2
Albuterol — a sympathomimetic bronchodilator
which has selective effects on beta-2 receptors
allergen — a substance that is inhaled, touched
or tasted that causes an allergic reaction. It is
generally a soluble protein. See antigen
allergic reaction — a reaction or response of the
body or part of the body to an allergen
allergic rhinitis — inflammation of the mucous
membranes lining the nose by allergens
allergy — hypersensitive reaction caused by
exposure to an allergen
allopath — a medical physician in the traditional
western sense and as in different to holistic
alpha receptor — receptor cells to which
hormones of the adrenal gland and certain
medications will attach themselves
alternaria — a type of fungus that is airborne
and a common allergen, occasionally pathogenic
in humans. It is common in grain growing areas
in North America
alternate medicine — the collective name given
to those forms of therapy that are not
allopathic.
anabolic steroid — a synthetic steroid used to
increase muscle mass, not to be confused with
corticosteroids
anaphylaxis — a systemic allergic reaction that is
IgE mediated and that is life-threatening. A
reaction is considered anaphylactic if two or
more body systems are involved. It can occur
within seconds to minutes of exposure to a
foreign substance and the severity of the
reaction is related to the level of exposure and
method of contact with the allergen
anaphylactoid — an anaphylactic reaction that is
not necessarily IgE mediated
angioedema — sudden painless swelling that
affects the loose connective of the face, neck,
lips, throat, hands, feet, or abdominal organs
and which usually lasts for a short time and
disappears within 24 hours.. It may be caused by
food or drug allergy, stress or infection
antagonist — anything that prevents, obstructs,
or impedes the action of something else
antibody — an immunoglobulin molecule that is
produced by B lymphoid cells that react in a
specific way to an antigen
alveoli — plural of alveolus
anticholinergic — refers to the blocking of
certain receivers on the nerve
alveolus — thin-walled sac at the terminal of the
respiratory bronchioles in which gas exchange
occurs between the pulmonary capillaries and
the air in the alveolus
anticholinergic drugs in asthma — a drug that
reduces spasm in the lungs by blocking certain
receivers on the parasympathetic or cholinergic
nerve fibers
alveolar duct — the connection between the
alveoli sacs and the terminal bronchioles
antigen — a foreign substance, usually a protein,
that causes an allergic reaction.
Alvesco — trade name for the inhaled
corticosteroid ciclesonide
antigen presenting cell (APC) — cells that
process the antigen protein so that it is easily
recognized by leukocytes
amplitude — the difference between the highest
and lowest points of a repeating cycle
apnea — suspension or absence of breathing
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
3
ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrome
that results from a failure of the lungs to
function. See respiratory distress
ASA — acetylsalicylic acid, commonly called
aspirin
Asmanex — trade name for an inhaled corticosteroid mometasone used in the treatment of
asthma
knees of patients with a tendency to allergic
reactions. Most commonly found in infants, it
generally disappears by the age of eighteen
months
atopic eczema — see atopic dermatitis
atopy — see atopic
Atrovent — a medication used as a reliever for
asthma symptoms
aspergillus — a type of fungi or mold
assessment — an evaluation of a patient’s
physical, educational, mental, or social status
after obtaining a history and generally
interviewing the patient
asthma — a chronic inflammatory disease of the
lungs characterized by reversible airway
obstruction. Symptoms include shortness of
breath or difficulty breathing, wheezing and
coughing. They result from constriction of the
bronchi and smooth muscle spasm,
inflammation of the lining of the bronchi and
excess mucus production. Exacerbations (attacks
or acute episodes) may be triggered by airborne
allergens, respiratory infections, inhaled
irritants, viruses, stress, exercise or other factors
asthma action plan — an individualized plan that
tells the patient with asthma what to do when
symptoms increase and peak flows deteriorate.
It helps patients manage their asthma and make
decisions such as when to increase medications
and when to see medical help. Also called the
action plan
asthmogenic — likely to trigger asthma
attack — a sudden exacerbation of a chronic
illness
audit — a review and evaluation of health care
practices
autohaler — a pharmaceutical device for
delivering medication directly to the lungs
through inhalation
autonomic nervous system — that part of the
nervous system that regulates vital bodily
functions that are not consciously controlled. It
has two sections - the sympathetic nervous
system that increases both blood pressure and
heart rate and narrows blood vessels; and the
parasympathetic nervous system that slows
heart rate and relaxes muscles
aversion — intense dislike. In food aversions
patients are reluctant to eat for a number of
reasons.
Azelastine — trade name for an antihistamine
Azmacort — trade name for triamcinalone, a
corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory
properties in the treatment of asthma
atopic — used to refer to an inherited tendency
to allergic reactions or hypersensitivity, and
allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic
dermatitis or hay fever
B
atopic dermatitis — an intense itchy swelling of
the skin, commonly on the face, elbows and
B cell — a lymphocyte or white blood cell that
comes from the bone marrow. B cells and T cells
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
4
play a indispensable role in the body’s immune
response
basal cells — cells in the base layer or deepest
layer of the epithelium
basement membrane — the lowest or deepest
layer of tissue that supports the epithelium
that responds to epinephrine. Activation of
these receptors results in relaxation of bronchial
muscles.
BHR — bronchial hyper-reactivity or bronchial
hyper-responsiveness which is a distinguishing
feature of asthma, where the lungs over react to
allergens or irritants and produce the symptoms
of asthma
basophil — a white blood cell
b.i.d — “bis in die”. Latin for twice a day
beclomethasone dipropionate — also known as
BDP, it is an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid
used as an asthma medication. It is also
marketed under trade names such as Beclovent,
Becloforte and Qvar
Beclovent — trade name for beclomethasone
dipropionate
Becloforte — trade name for beclomethasone
dipropionate
behavioral sciences — the disciplines of science
including psychology, psychiatry, anthropology
and sociology from which are derived the
theories and concepts relating to the study of
behavior of living organisms
behavior — the manner in which a person
chooses to act whether it relates to their health
or not
behaviorism — the theory of learning based on
the stimulus-response mechanism
benzalkonium chloride — a mixture of
alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides which
is an effective germicide. As an aqueous solution
it is added to asthma drugs because of its low
surface tension and emulsifying qualities which
assists both the penetration and moisturization
of tissue surfaces. It also works as a disinfectant
and fungicide.
Beta receptor — also known as beta adrenergic
receptor — any one of the adrenergic receptors
biosocial — the combination of biologic and
social influences that affect an individual
biphasic — having two phases, an early phase
and a late phase. This is often found with allergic
reactions
black smoke — used to describe the fine solid
air-borne particles that are pollutants
Bla g 1 or Bla g 2 — a cockroach allergen,
abbreviation for Blattella germanica
blood cells — known as erythrocytes or
leukocytes
body plethysmograph — a device used to
measure lung volumes and airway resistance in
those areas of the lungs where gas exchange
occurs. The patient is placed in an airtight
cubicle and asked to breathe normally. Pressure
changes within the lungs result in pressure
changes in the cubicle and these are
automatically recorded.
bradycardia — a slow, less than 60 beats per
minute, but steady heart beat
bradykinin — a chemical produced by the body
that widens blood vessels, a potent vasodilator
Bricanyl — trade name for terbutaline sulfate, a
bronchodilator drug used in the treatment of
asthma
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
5
Bronalide — trade name for the corticosteroid
flunisolide used in the treatment of asthma
bronchi — plural of bronchus, the larger air
passages in the lungs
bronchial — relating to the bronchi
bronchiole — the smaller airways of the lungs,
less than 1 mm in diameter with no cartilage in
its walls
bronchiolitis — a viral infection of the lower
breathing tract, generally found in infants under
18 months of age. It causes breathing
difficulties, wheezing and swelling of the
bronchioles. It is most often caused by the
parainfluenza virus or the respiratory syncytial
viruses (RSV)
bronchitis — inflammation or swelling of the
mucous membranes of the lungs that may last
for a short or long time
bronchoconstriction — constriction of the
bronchi due to the tightening of the smooth
muscles that surround the bronchi
bronchodilator — usually any medication that
reverses bronchoconstriction by relaxing the
airway and improving breathing
bronchomotor tone — the tightening and
relaxing ability of the smooth muscles that
surround the bronchi and control the size of the
airways.
bronchopulmonary displasia — chronic changes
in the lungs of premature infants who required
assisted ventilation. They also wheeze.
bronchospasm — a sudden contraction of the
muscles around the bronchi causing narrowing
and blockage of the airway, making breathing
difficult
bronchospasmolytic — that which relieves
bronchospasm
bronchostenosis — chronic narrowing of the
bronchi or of a bronchus
bronchus — large airways in the lungs through
which air passes inwards and outwards. The
trachea divides into two bronchi. The walls are
composed of an inner layer of mucous
membranes and cilia, then a layer of smooth
muscle arranged spirally and all this is supported
by a layer of fibrous tissue with some cartilage.
Budesonide — trade name for a corticosteroid
used for its anti-inflammatory properties in the
treatment of asthma
C
candidiasis — a disease or infection caused by
Candida, a fungus
can f — a major dog allergen abbreviated from
the Latin ‘Canis familiaris’
carcinogenic — refers to the ability to cause
cancer, cancer-causing
carina — the place or ridge where the trachea
subdivides into the bronchi
carotid body — the small structure at the branch
of the carotid artery that contains nerve tissue
and which controls the oxygen content of blood.
cartilage — connective tissue that is firm,
flexible and does not contain blood vessels. It is
found in joints, larynx, bronchi, nose , ears and
the walls of the thorax. It forms the skeleton in
early fetal life and is gradually replaced by bone.
cascade — a sequence of steps such that the
preceding one activates the following one so
that once initiated, each follows in a physical
sequence to reach a certain conclusion which is
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
6
the cumulative effect–as in the inflammatory
cascade in asthma
cat allergen — in Latin ‘Felis domestica’ and
written in the abbreviated form of “Fel d —“
catecholamine — a group of chemicals that are
used a nerve transmitters by the body such as
epinephrine, norepinephrine and L-dopa. They
are major components in the response to stress.
cerebral cortex — the thin grey layer on the
surface of the brain
cervical nerve — refers to the nerve leaving the
cervical part (neck) of the spinal chord
CFC — chlorofluorocarbon, an inhaler propellant
whose use is now being phased out because it
damages the ozone layer
chemoreceptors — cells that are activated by
chemicals resulting in a nerve impulse. For
instance, the carotid artery that is sensitive to
the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the
blood has chemoreceptors so that a change in
the level of carbon dioxide results in a signal to
the brain to increase or decrease the breathing
rate
chemokines — cytokines that move in response
to chemical stimulation
chemotactic —relating to the movement of cells
in response to chemicals that attract or repel
chemotaxis — the movement of cells through
attraction or repulsion by chemicals
choanae — the openings formed by the bony
ridges that subdivide the nasal cavities
Choledyl — a bronchodilator used in the
treatment of asthma
cholinergic — alludes to nerve fibers that
release acetylcholine or use acetylcholine as a
neurotransmitter
chromosome — one of the hereditary- carrying
information structures in the nucleus of the cell
chronic — refers to a disease that lasts for a long
time, such as asthma, with intermittent
exacerbations
chronic illness — any illness that lasts for a long
period of time and affects the individual’s ability
to function physically, socially, emotionally,
intellectually or spiritually.
ciclesonide — generic name for the inhaled
corticosteroid sold under the trade name of
Alvesco
cilia — hair-like structures on the mucous
membrane lining the lung whose movement
provide motion to fluid
ciliated cells — cells whose outer layer has small
hair like projections
ciliary escalator — the waving motion of the cilia
in the lining of the airways that provides
movement to the mucous, moving both the
mucous and the trapped particles on it upwards
and out of the lungs
circadian — refers to biologic rhythms that vary
in cycles of about 24 hours
Cladosporium — a type of fungi found in soil or
plant remnants, the most common outdoor
mold
CNAC — abbreviation for Canadian Network of
Asthma Caregivers
CNS — central nervous system. This is one of
two main divisions in the body’s nervous system
that is made up of the brain and the spinal
chord. It is the ‘control center’ for control and
coordination of the whole body.
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
7
cockroach allergen — abbreviated from the
Latin Blattella germanica and written as “Bla g –“
gland. It also refers to anti-inflammatory
medications used in the treatment of asthma
compliance — refers to the patient’s ability and
willingness to follow a prescribed regimen. Also
called adherence
cortisol — the most potent naturally occurring
glucocorticoid
COLD — chronic obstructive lung disease - see
also COPD
collagen — a protein made up of bundles of tiny
white fibers that forms connective tissue,
cartilage and bone
complementary medicine — the name give to
alternative therapies in the treatment of disease
conjunctivitis — swelling or inflammation of the
front of the white of the eye induced by allergy,
infection or other causes.
controllers — the collective name for
medications that are used to treat and prevent
the inflammation of the airways that occurs in
asthma
COPD — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
an incurable disease of the lungs with the ability
to take in air reduced over time. Symptoms
include difficulty when breathing, when
exercising and long-term cough. It is
exacerbated by air pollution and cigarette
smoking. It may result from chronic conditions
such as asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and
emphysema. See also COLD
cough — a sudden explosive release of air from
the lungs. It helps clear the throat and lungs of
fluid and irritants that have been inhaled and
prevents the inhalation of foreign substances
into the lungs
cromolyn sodium — a drug used as a preventer
of inflammation in asthma. It cannot be used as
a reliever of symptoms.
croup — a viral infection of the larynx and
trachea occurring most often in children in the 6
months to 3 year range. It is characterized by a
barking cough and noisy respiration.
culture — the shared beliefs, behavior patterns
and customs of a group
culture shock — the discomfort and confusion
that arises from moving from one culture and
trying to adapt or assimilate into a different
unfamiliar culture
Cushing’s syndrome — seen in patients who
have been on oral steroids for a long period of
time. They are overweight with adiposity (excess
fat) on chest and stomach, ‘moon’ face, high
blood sugar levels, muscle wasting, striations,
hyper-tension, water build-up and low
potassium levels.
coping — the means, conscious and
unconscious, by which an individual deals with
stress and difficulties, solves problems and
makes decisions in adapting to the environment
cyanosis — a bluish or purplish color to the skin
and mucous membranes resulting from a lack of
oxygen in the blood
coping ability — the level of ability of an
individual to deal with stress that may be
physical or psychological
cystic fibrosis — a genetic and metabolic disease
mainly affecting the lungs and pancreas in which
the mucous is very thick and causes obstructions
corticosteroid — refers to one of the hormones
produced by the outer layer of the adrenal
cytokine — an inflammatory substance released
by airway macrophage, B and T lymphocytes,
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
8
mast cells and endothelial cells. They control the
severity and length of immune (and allergic)
responses. There are a number and since their
functions vary, they are now identified as
interleukins (Il) and given a numeric digit as in
the example Il-2.
der p — another dust mite allergen group, short
for dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, found in
North America. Allergens in this group are given
numbers to identify whether they belong to
Group I allergen or Group II allergen, for
instance Der p I and Der p II.
cytotaxis — the attraction or repulsion of one
type of cells for another
dermatitis — inflammation of the skin or dermis
cytotoxic — refers to the damage or destruction
of tissue cells. See killer cells. Cytotoxic cells are
a subset of the T-lymphocyte cells that include
macrophages, NK cells and K cells. They bind to
other cells and are also used to destroy
pathogens.
D
dander — the normal shedding of skin and hair
(fur or feathers) from animals that may trigger
an allergic reaction in atopic persons
degranulation — the loss of granules from a cell
dehumidifier — a machine or device that is
designed to remove moisture from the air
device — a mechanical apparatus designed for a
specific purpose. In asthma it is used to refer to
the means by which medications are dispersed
so that they can be inhaled into the lungs (such
as inhalers or spacers)
dexamethasone — a potent synthetic steroid
used to control inflammation.
diabetes mellitus — a chronic metabolic disease
caused by the failure of the pancreas to produce
sufficient insulin resulting in increased levels of
blood glucose.
diaphragm — the dome shaped muscle that
separates the chest cavity from the abdomen
and plays a major role in breathing
diathesis — the inherited tendency towards the
development of a disease or group of diseases
as in atopy, eczema and asthma
denudation — the condition of being stripped
depression — a reduced level or ability to
function on a daily basis which may be marked
by emotions such as sadness, dejection, lack of
self-worth and feelings of emptiness and
indicated by lack of motivation and inability to
focus or concentrate to acute changes of body
functions.
dilatation — a natural or artificial expansion of
an opening or hollow passage such as blood
vessels, tubes or body openings
dilator — anything, device or medication, that is
used to enlarge or dilate a body cavity or
opening
diphasic — having two phases
der f — a dust mite allergen group, short for
dermatophagoides farinae, found in North
America. Allergens in this group are given
numbers to identify whether they belong to
Group I allergen or Group II allergen as in Der f I
and Der f II
diphenhydramine hydrochloride — a drug used
to treat allergic reactions
disease — an absence of wellness, a disorder of
the body or bodily systems
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
9
diurnal — concerning daylight; opposite of
nocturnal
exacerbation or an acute asthma episode.
diurnal variation — in asthma, the difference
between morning and night respiratory function
E
dog allergen — Canis familiaris, written in the
abbreviated form “Can f —”
eczema — an inflammatory condition of the skin
causing swelling, itching, redness, small blisters
and weeping initially. Later the outer skin can
thicken, crust over, darken and become scaly.
dose — the quantity of medication prescribed at
any one time or given period during the day
dosage — the prescribed quantity and frequency
of medication to be taken by a patient
DPI —dry powder inhaler
Dulera — trade name for the combination of the
two drugs Foradil and Asmanex, used to control
asthma. They should not be used for immediate
relief of symptoms
dust mites — sightless, transparent, eight-legged
microscopic organisms that measure about a
third of a millimetre in length. They live
primarily on the dander shed by humans, but
also on animal dander, molds, pollens and food
remnants.. There are 11 species of house dust
mite and they are potent allergens. They have
been linked to the development and
continuation of asthma.
dust mite allergen — “Der p — “ abbreviation of
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
EIA — exercise induced asthma where exercise
is considered to be a trigger. Exercise alone is
rarely a trigger but if exercise leads to an
exacerbation it is indicative of asthma that is not
under control.
edema — excessive fluid in cells or intercellular
tissues
education — the teaching of patient so that
behavior modification occurs
ELISA — the method used to measure allergen
levels and abbreviation for enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay.
emesis — vomiting
emotion — feeling. Emotions do not cause
asthma but it can be a trigger for asthma
dysphonia — hoarseness or altered speaking
voice
emphysema — a lung disorder that results in the
alveoli losing their elasticity and becoming more
rigid ensuing in a reduction in oxygen exchange
and reduction in the number of alveoli.
Symptoms include breathlessness on exertion.
dysfunction — the impaired or incomplete
function of an organ or part of the body
endothelium — the lining of the heart, blood,
lymph vessels and fluid filled cavities of the body
dyspepsia — upset stomach also known as
gastric indigestion. Symptoms include pain,
nausea and belching
environment — a collective term that denotes
the combination of physical, social, biological,
cultural, etc influences on the individual
dyspnea — shortness of breath or difficulty
breathing, one of the symptoms of an asthma
eosinophilic — refers to eosinophil cells or tissue
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
10
eosinophils — a type of white blood cell. More
of these cells are present when there is an
allergy or infection. Named after the eosin dyes
that are used to stain them.
ephedrine — a drug that is used to open the
airways in the treatment of asthma and
bronchitis, a bronchodilator
epidemiologist — a scientist who studies the
prevalence of disease, its distribution,
prevention and control, within a specific group
of people.
epidermis — the outermost layer of the skin
epiglottis — the cartilage at the root of the
tongue that acts like a lid and prevents food
from entering the airways when swallowing
epinephrine — a drug used in the treatment of
anaphylaxis for it causes the blood vessels to
narrow. It is also produced by the adrenal gland.
epistaxis — nosebleeds
the upper part of the nasal cavity
ethnic — refers to a group of people, generally
with a common genetic heritage who share the
same distinctive social and cultural behavior
patterns and beliefs
etiology — study of factors involved in the
evolution of a disease
ETS — abbreviation for environmental tobacco
smoke or second hand tobacco smoke
exacerbation — used to describe the onset of an
asthma episode when symptoms increase, are
more severe and require immediate treatment.
Also called an acute episode.
excipients — used to refer to the non-medicinal
ingredients in medication
exhale — to breathe out. In an asthma
exacerbation, exhalation takes longer than
inhalation and is more difficult because of the
narrowing of the airways and results in a
wheezing sound.
epithelial cell — the cells that form the
epithelium
expiration — breathing out. See exhale
epithelium — the cellular lining of both the
internal and external surfaces of the organs,
blood vessels and skin
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) — refers to the
amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs
after a normal expiration
erythrocyte — a mature red blood cell produced
in the bone marrow, whose main function is to
transport oxygen in the blood
extrinsic — when used in asthma it refers to the
allergic form of asthma
esophageal reflux — regurgitation of food from
the stomach to the esophagus that can result in
aspiration of food into the lungs and heartburn
esophagus — the muscular tube that connects
the pharynx to the stomach and has a mucous
membrane lining
ethmoid — irregular shaped and spongy bone at
the base of the skull that make up the walls of
exudate — the substances such as fluids, cells,
etc. that are discharged through small pores or
breaks in cell membrane or tissues, generally as
a result of inflammation
F
FDA — Food and Drug Administration, a federal
agency that is responsible for the safety of
foods, cosmetics and medications
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The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
11
FD&C — abbreviation for Food, Dye and
Coloring
food to enhance taste, improve appearance,
prevent spoilage or enhance nutrition
fel d 1 — a major cat allergen, abbreviated from
the Latin Felis domesticus
food allergy — an allergic reaction caused by
inhalation, contact or consumption of a specific
food. Generally the allergic reaction is caused by
a protein. The most common food allergens are
wheat, milk, eggs, fish, seafood, nuts, chocolate,
corn, soy, peanuts and strawberries.
FEF — forced expiratory flow or the amount of
air forced out on expiration after a deep
inspiration
FEF25-75 — forced expiratory flow in the 25 to 75
percentile, also called MMEF
FEFmax — forced expiratory flow maximum
FEV1 — forced expiratory volume of air exhaled
in one second after a deep inspiration
FEVC — forced expired vital capacity, the
amount of air forced out on expiration after a
deep inspiration. Also called FVC or forced vital
capacity.
FeNO — fraction of exhaled nitric oxide
Fenoterol — trade name of a bronchodilator
used in asthma
flexures — the normal curves, folds or bends in
the body that permit movement
flexural eczema — eczema seen in the flexures
as in the insides of the elbows and behind the
knees
Flovent —trade name for fluticasone
propionate, a corticosteroid used in the
treatment of asthma
flunisolide — generic name for an
anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used in the
treatment of asthma
fluticasone — an anti-inflammatory
corticosteroid used in the treatment of asthma
food additives — substances that are added to
formaldehyde — an air pollutant also found
inside homes. It is released from dry wall, new
furniture and new furnishings, carpet underlay,
etc. It is a volatile gas that causes irritation of
the mucous membranes of the eyes and the
upper respiratory tract.
Formoterol — trade name of a long acting
bronchodilator that should not be used for relief
of symptoms
FRC — functional residual capacity or the
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a
normal expiration
fungi — plural of fungus and refers to unicellular
organisms that reproduce by spores, have no
leaves, stems or roots, and lack chlorophyll
fungus — mold, see also fungi (plural)
FVC — forced vital capacity
G
gag reflex — an involuntary choke or retch. In
asthma this occurs when medication from an
inhaler hits the back of the throat at high speed
hence the use of a spacer is advised to prevent
this.
ganglia — plural of ganglion
ganglion — a collection of nerve cells outside
the central nervous system
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
12
gastrointestinal — refers to the stomach and
intestines
glycoalkaloids — a naturally occurring toxin
found in green potatoes and lima beans
GCS —glucocorticosteroids, also called
corticosteroids
goals of asthma management — to maintain
normal lung function and normal activity levels
while preventing exacerbations with the
minimum of medication and the minimum of
side effects.
gene — the physical unit of hereditary that
carries the characteristics of the parent to the
child and is located in a particular place on the
chromosome
generic — general
goblet cell — a special cell found in the lining of
the respiratory tract whose function is to release
mucus
generic drugs — pharmaceutical products that
are not protected by trademark
granules — small particles or fragments that
contain prepared material
generic name — usually the chemical name of a
drug or its official name under which all
manufacturers list it. For example, the asthma
drug albuterol is also known as salbutamol, both
generic names. However the same drug is
marketed under different trade names from
Airomir, Ventolin, etc.
GRAS — generally regarded as safe: the
designation given to items considered safe for
human consumption such as food additives,
colorings and flavorings.
Gestalt — a school of psychology that originated
in Germany that states that experience is sensed
as a whole and not as separate and distinct
elements. so that the whole is greater than the
sum of its parts. It underlies the basis for the
Cognitive Theory of Learning
habit — a manner or type of behaviour that is
repeated
GERD — Gastroesophageal reflux disease
whereby acid digestive juices flow into the
esophagus resulting in heart burn, chest pain,
nausea, cough and throat irritation. As many as
80% of adults with asthma may have GERD and
it may be mis-diagnosed as asthma.
GH — abbreviation for growth hormone, a
substance released by the pituitary gland under
stimulus from growth hormone releasing factor
from the hypothalamus.
GINA — Global Initiative for Asthma
glucocorticoid — a steroid-like compound used
for its potent anti-inflammatory properties
H
hay fever — common name given to seasonal
allergic reactions of the eyes, nose and sinuses
causing symptoms such as tearing, sneezing, red
and itchy eyes. The allergens involved are tree,
grass or weed pollens.
HCP — an abbreviation for health care
professional
HDM — house dust mite, see dust mite
health — a state of well being involving physical,
mental and emotional states and characterized
by the absence of disease
health education — the process by which
patients are taught to manage their disease and
maintain or restore health
helper T cell — see T-cell
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
13
HEPA — high efficiency particulate air. Example:
HEPA filter
activity of other organs or cells within the body
HSA — health systems agency
hereditary — having to do with a disease or
condition passed down from parent to child
HFA — hydrofluroalkane, a propellant that is
used in place of the old CFC propellants in
asthma inhalers
hirsutism — excessive facial and body hair,
sometimes seen in patients who have been on
oral steroids for a long period of time.
humidity — refers to the moisture content of air
HVAC — heating, ventilation and air conditioning
hydration — the consumption of water or fluids
to prevent dehydration
hydrocortisone — also known as cortisol, the
most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid
histamine — a compound found in all cells that
when released by an allergic reaction causes
widening of capillaries, tightening of smooth
muscles in the bronchi, increase in gastric
secretions and decreased blood pressure. It is a
major contributor to inflammation.
hydrotherapy — a complementary form of
medicine that uses water to treat both physical
and mental problems
histogram — a bar graph using proportional
horizontal or vertical columns to represent and
compare items
hymenoptera — the class of insects that
includes bees, wasps, hornet and fire ants
HMO — abbreviation for health management
organization, or managed care plan. It is a
prepaid system that emphasizes prevention of
disease.
holistic — pertaining to the whole person; used
to describe complementary or alternative
medicine
homeopathy — a complementary form of
medicine based on the belief that “like cures
like”, developed by C.F. Samuel Hahnemann in
Germany in the early nineteenth century
homeostatis — the constant state of the body
that is normally and naturally maintained, or the
equilibrium that is sustained in the performance
of organs and composition of fluids.
hormones — complex chemical substances
produced by certain organs or parts of organs,
that control the secretion, structure and level of
hygrometer — a device that is used to measure
the humidity of the air
hyper-reactivity — refers to the body’s
over-reaction to an allergen or irritant resulting
in the symptoms of asthma or allergy
hypersecretory — producing too much
secretions of tissues or glands
hypersensitivity — an abnormal and excessive
response of the immune system to an antigen
hypertrophy — an increase in the size of the
cells but not their number for a resulting
increase in the size of the organ
hyperventilation — a rapid or above normal
breathing rate, sometimes caused by anxiety
which can be mistaken for asthma
hypoxia — a reduction in the level of oxygen in
cells. Mild hypoxia results in an increase in heart
and breathing rates.
hypoxemia — an abnormal lack of oxygen in
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
14
arterial blood. Symptoms include restlessness,
turning blue, stupor, increased blood pressure,
too rapid heart beat, and coma.
I
iatrogenic — an unfavorable response caused by
a diagnostic procedure or by the medical
treatment itself
ibuprofen — a non-steroid anti-inflammatory
drug
ICS — inhaled corticosteroids, used in the
treatment of asthma
ICU — intensive care unit
idiopathic — a disease or reaction whose cause
is unknown
IgE — abbreviation for the protein
immunogolubulin E. It is the body’s main
defense against allergens in the environment. It
is concentrated in the lungs, mucous
membranes and the skin.
immunization — the use of minute quantities of
modified live, dead or inactivated agents to
prevent or reduce susceptibility in an individual
and to provide a measure of protection against
the agent
immunoglobulin — a protein antibody, one of
five produced in the body and classified as G, A,
D, E, or M and abbreviated as Ig--immunotherapy — the process by which
through introduction of minute quantities of an
allergen (usually subcutaneously), a patient
develops an immunity to the allergen over a
period of time.
inflammation — a complex, chemical process
that is the body’s response to injury or irritation
resulting in redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss
or diminished function.
inflammatory cascade — in asthma, the
sequence of events that occur beginning with
degranulation of the mast cell and the release of
inflammatory mediators through recruitment
and synthesis of other inflammatory mediators
resulting in denudation of the epithelium of the
bronchi.
Il — abbreviation for interlukin
illness — the state of the body when its normal
emotional, physical and mental states are
reduced
immune — free from or resistant to infectious
disease
immune response — the means by which the
body defends itself by making antibodies to
destroy antigens
Immunomodulator — a substance that alters
immune response
immune system — those components within the
body that function to prevent inflammation and
injury to any part of the body
infection — intrusion of the body by germs,
causing disease
influenza — an infection of the lungs that is very
contagious, transmitted by airborne particles,
and caused by the influenza virus
ingested — refers to that which is eaten or
taken into the mouth and swallowed
inhalant — anything that is taken into the body
through the action of breathing in or inhaling
inhalation therapy — a method of treating the
lungs by which the medication must be breathed
in or inhaled
inhaler — a pharmaceutical device used in
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
15
asthma for inhaling medications in order to
reach the lungs directly
and unchangeable
inhibitor — a drug or chemical that prevents or
hampers a normal physical or chemical action
irritant — anything that irritates or inflames. In
asthma it is used as collective noun to describe
those triggers that are not IgE mediated as, for
example, tobacco smoke .
irritant — anything that triggers an asthma
exacerbation but is not an IgE based reaction.
Irritants are tobacco smoke, wood smoke and
chemical odors.
irritation — the resulting inflammation produced
by an irritant
inspiration — refers to the action of breathing in
or inhaling
Isoprenaline — trade name of the generic drug
isoproterenol, a drug used as a bronchodilator in
the treatment of asthma
Intal — trade name for sodium cromoglycate, a
non-steroid anti-inflammatory medication used
in the treatment of asthma
isoproterenol — a bronchodilator used in the
treatment of asthma
interalveolar — between the alveoli
J
intercostal — refers to the area between the
ribs
interleukin — the name given to a group of
cytokines, 18 of which have been identified and
designated with a number, that are the result of
synthesis by certain other cells such as
macrophages, monocytes, leukocytes, etc.
interstitial — the space between tissues
intubation — in asthma, the process by which a
breathing tube is put through the mouth and
trachea to provide a passageway for air or
oxygen to be sent to the lungs in order to
control breathing
intrinsic — a form of asthma that is not allergy
related. It usually starts later in life.
ipratropium — an anticholinergic that is used in
the prevention of asthma exacerbations
irrespirable — refers to particles of size larger
than 10 microns that cannot be inhaled
jet humidifier — a type of humidifier that breaks
up water into tiny drops of water vapour
JCAHO — abbreviation for the non-profit
organization Joint Commission on Accreditation
of Healthcare Organization, that certifies health
care organizations in the United States
junction — the point or join where two surfaces
connect, generally bone or cartilage
K
k cells — see cytotoxic cells. They mediate the
immune response to foreign bodies by binding
to them and destroying them
ketotifen — generic name for a non steroid
anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of
asthma
killer cells — see k cells
irreversible — cannot be reversed, permanent
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
16
plant and known to be a trigger for some
patients with asthma and has also been
associated with anaphylaxis.
L
labile — unstable, hence easily altered
lactalbumin — the albumin part of milk, a
nutritious protein
lecithin — a phosphorus rich fatty acid found in
egg yolk and in both animal and plant cells
lactase — the enzyme that helps in the
conversion of milk sugar to glucose
leukemia — a cancer that is characterized by a
reduction of mature white blood cells in the
bone marrow
lactose — a milk sugar often used as an
excipient in dry powder and tablet forms of
asthma medications
leukocyte — a white blood cell whose function is
to destroy bacteria, virus and other invaders of
the body.
lactose intolerance — the inability to digest
lactose due to a deficiency of the enzyme
lactase
leukotrienes — a group of powerful chemical
compounds in leukocytes that are mediators of
inflammation and are involved in allergic
reactions
lamina propria — the layer of connective tissue
beneath the epithelium of the mucous
membrane
leukotriene inhibitor — a medication that
prevents the release of action of leukotrienes
laryngeal web — a congenital membrane found
in the larynx that causes severe obstruction to
breathing
lichenification — the thickening and hardening
of the skin due to scratching, often seen in the
flexures in patients with atopic dermatitis.
laryngomalacia — softening of the larynx
lipid — having the property of being fat soluble
or a fat-like substance in plant or animal tissue
laryngostenosis — narrowing of the larynx
laryngoscope — an instrument with a light and
magnifying lens that is used to examine the
larynx
livetin — a water soluble protein found in egg
yolk
lobar — refers to a lobe
laryngotracheal — refers to both the larynx and
trachea
lobe — one of the subdivisions or semi-detached
portions of an organ such as the lung
laryngotracheobronchitis — a respiratory
infection that involves the larynx, trachea and
bronchi. See croup
lobule — a small lobe or part of a lobe
larynx — commonly called the voice box, it is
that part of the airways between the pharynx
and the trachea
long-acting bronchodilator — a controller
medication used in asthma that should not be
used for relief of symptoms. Its effects last for
about 12 hours and hence the medication
should not be taken more than twice a day.
latex — an emulsion produced by the rubber
lower respiratory tract — that portion of the
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
17
respiratory system that includes the bronchi and
the lungs. The bronchi divide into bronchioles
which subdivide into the alveolar ducts that in
turn subdivide into alveolar sacs which are made
up of alveoli.
lumen — the inner space, channel or cavity
within a tube shaped structure such as the
airways
lung — part of the respiratory organ within the
thorax that is dedicated to breathing and in
which aeration of the blood occurs
lungs — plural of lung. The right lung is slightly
larger than the left and has three lobes
compared with the two lobes of the left lung.
lymphocytes — small white blood cells that are
divided according to their function into two
groups, the B cells and the T cells.
M
macrophage — a large cell that surrounds and
digests foreign substance such as bacteria that
enter the body. In the lung the alveolar
macrophage engulf inhaled particulate matter.
magnetotherapy — an alternative therapy that
uses magnets and magnetic fields to treat
disease.
malabsorption — inadequate or poor absorption
malacia — a softening of any tissue in the body
malnutrition — a disorder that results from an
inadequate or unbalanced diet
administration of an inhalant gas such as oxygen
or for aerolized medication
massage — manipulation of the soft tissue of
the body through kneading, rubbing, stroking,
pinching, pummeling, or tapping . Done
correctly, it is an aid to relaxation.
mast cell — this cell contains histamine and
other potent chemicals such as heparin and
eosinophilic chemotactic factor, that cause
inflammation when they are released due to
infection, injury or an allergic reaction. These
cells are involved in immediate hypersensitivity
reactions.
mast cell degranulation — the break up of the
cell that results in the release of prepared
chemicals and the synthesis of other agents of
inflammation
mastocytosis urticaria pigmentosa — a skin
disease where excessive histamine is produced
maxillary sinus — pair of large air cells forming a
cavity in the upper jaw, the largest of the
paranasal sinuses connecting with the middle
passage of the nose
maximal mid expiratory flow rate — (MMEF) the
volume of air flow that occurs in the mid half of
an expiration after a forceful inspiration. It is an
indicator of how well the small airways function.
MDI — metered dose inhaler, a pharmaceutical
device that releases a measured amount of
medication for inhalation on activation.
mediator — refers to a substance or chemical
that causes a change to happen, an intermediary
managed care plan — see HMO
Medicare — a federally funded medical health
insurance plan available nationally in the United
States
mask — in asthma , a device that covers both
the nose and mouth and is used for the
medication — generally refers to a drug that is
used in the treatment or prevention of an illness
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
18
MEDLINE — a web site within the NIH that
provides access to titles and abstract of articles
pertaining to a variety of diseases, including
asthma and allergy
Medrol — trade name for methylprednisone,
used in the treatment of acute asthma
metabolic — refers to metabolism
metabolism — the physical and chemical
processes of a living organism that converts food
into energy for vital operations
metaproterenol — generic name for a
bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma
methacholine — a bronchoconstrictor used in
testing for bronchial hyper-reactivity, described
as a methacholine challenge
methylprednisolone — a powerful
anti-inflammatory steroid drug used in the
treatment of acute asthma
methylxanthines — a class of drugs that are
xanthine based and used in the treatment of
asthma. They include theophyllines, caffeine and
theobromines.
for symptoms and changes in symptoms
monocyte — largest of the white blood cells that
are anywhere from two to four times the size of
a red blood cell
montelukast — generic name for a leukotriene
inhibitor or antagonist, used as a controller in
the treatment of asthma but not for
symptomatic relief
morbidity — refers to the impact a disease has
on the patient
mortality — pertaining to death
Motrin — trade name for ibuprofen, a non
steroid anti inflammatory drug
moxibustion — an alternative therapy that uses
moxa or slow burning herbs to effect changes in
the body and to relieve pain. A traditional
Chinese and Japanese method of healing.
mucociliary escalator — the wave-like motion of
the cilia that moves mucus upwards and out of
the lungs
mucolytic — a substance that thins, liquefies or
dissolves mucus
microgram — a thousandth part of a milligram
or one millionth part of a gram, sometimes
written as mcg.
Mucor — a class of fungi, some of which are
pathogenic to humans
mildew — see fungus
mucosa — refers to the mucous membrane
MMEF — see maximal mid expiratory flow. See
also FEF25-75
mucous membrane — the lining of those
internal areas of the body such as the
respiratory and gastrointestinal systems that
come into contact with substances from the
environment. Its function is to release mucus
while absorbing water, salt and other
substances.
mold — see fungus
mometasone — generic name for the inhaled
corticosteroid Asmanex, used in the treatment
of asthma
monitor — in asthma, to observe the effect of
medications and their side effects and to watch
mucus plug — a collection of thickened mucus
that blocks an airway
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
19
mucus — the secretion of the mucous
membrane
muscle — a specialized tissue which by means of
contraction or extension permits movement of
parts of the body including the organs.
myopathy — a wasting of muscles resulting in
weakness and a change in the muscle cells
nebulizer — a pharmaceutical device that with
the help of compressed air aerolizes or vaporizes
a solution into a fine spray of droplets that can
be inhaled
nedocromil sodium — generic name for a
non-steroid anti-inflammatory used in the
treatment of asthma
neuro — nerve
neuromuscular — refers to nerves and muscles
N
nadir — the lowest level or point reached
NAEPP — abbreviation for National Asthma
Education and Prevention Program (U.S.A.)
neuromuscular blocking agent — in asthma,
medication that is given to relax and reduce
spasm of the muscles in the bronchi
neuron — the fundamental nerve cell of the
nervous system
nares — nostrils, the front opening of the nose
neurosis — a disease that is psychological or
behavioral without an organic basis,
characterized by anxiety
nasal — relating to the nose
nasal cannula — a device that uses two tiny
tubes inserted into the nostrils, to provide
oxygen
nasal polyp — an overgrown fragment, round
and long, of the mucous membrane in the nose
nasopharynx — the part above the soft palate
that opens into the nasal cavity. Also called the
pharyngonasal cavity or rhinopharynx
nasosinusitis — inflammation of the nose and
sinuses
natural killer cells — (NK cells) Lymphocyte cells
that kill cells even in the absence of antibodies
as markers. See cytotoxic cells
neurotransmitter — a specific chemical (like
acetylcholine) that is released by a nerve cell,
crosses the space between nerve cells and
stimulates or excites another nerve cell
neutrophilic — refers to the presence of
neutrophils
neutrophils — a mature white blood cell or
leukocyte with granules. They are the disposal
units that collect cell debris and solid particles as
well as destroy and remove bacteria. A high
count of neutophils in the blood can be an
indication of infection.
NHLBI — National Heart Lung Blood Institute
(U.S.A.)
naturopathy — a form of alternate therapy
NIH — National Institutes of Health (U.S.A.)
nebules — in asthma, medication that is
prepared in liquid form ready for use in a
nebulizer
nitrogen dioxide — an air pollutant
NK — natural killer cells.
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
20
NO2 — see nitrogen dioxide
orciprenaline — a bronchodilator used in the
treatment of asthma
nocturnal — pertaining to the night
non-therapeutic — refers to the non-medicinal
approach or treatment without medication
noradrenaline — a hormone released by the
adrenal gland whose effect is to narrow blood
vessels
norepinephrine — a hormone released by the
adrenal gland whose effect is to narrow blood
vessels
nose — that portion of the respiratory system
that lies above the hard palate and includes both
the external nose and the nasal cavities.
NSAIDS — non-steroid anti inflammatory drugs
organic foods — refers to food grown without
the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
oropharynx — the section of the mouth that
contains the tonsils
osteopenia — the beginning of osteoporosis and
results from lack of calcium in the bones
osteoporosis — a decrease in the normal density
of the bone seen in the elderly. It may result
from prolonged use of steroids in patients with
asthma.
OTC — acronym for over-the-counter drugs.
Drugs that can be purchased without a
prescription
ovomucoid — a protein from the white of an
egg. For patients with allergies, it indicates the
presence of egg.
O
occupational asthma — asthma that can be
directly related to the workplace and is a result
of exposure to allergens or irritants that result in
bronchial hyper-reactivity. Examples include
western red cedar, cotton, coffee, detergents,
flax, flour, hemp, pharmaceuticals, stone, etc.
olfactory — refers to the sense of smell
oral allergy syndrome — this occurs in
individuals who have seasonal allergies and
develop concurrent allergies to fresh fruit and
raw vegetables. Symptoms include itching and
swelling of the lips, tongue and palate. Some
associations are well known such as birch with
apples, almonds, oranges, etc; grass with celery
and potato; ragweed with melons and bananas;
mugwort with apples, carrots and celery, etc.
omalizumab — generic name for a humanized
monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of
allergic asthma. Trade name Xolair
Oxeze —trade name for a controller medication
used in the treatment of asthma
oximeter — a device that measures the amount
of oxygen in the blood using photoelectricity.
oxtriphylline — a bronchodilator drug used in
the treatment of asthma. It is a salt of
theophylline.
P
PAF — a powerful inflammatory agent. See
platelet activating factor
palate — the roof of the mouth
panic — an illogical or unreasoning fear that can
result in rapid breathing, sweating and increased
anxiety
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
21
paradoxical — refers to that which is the
opposite of what is expected, inconsistent
paranasal sinus — the matching air filled sacs on
both sides of the nose and connected to the
nasal passages, in the bones of the face. They
include the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and
sphenoidal sinuses and are lined with mucous
membranes.
parasympathetic system — part of the
autonomic system
functioning of the large air ways. It requires an
initial deep breath followed by a forceful
expiration into the device which measures the
amount of air expelled in liters per minute.
pediatrics — the field of medicine that
specializes in the treatment of children’s
diseases
PEFR — peak expiratory flow rate. The
measurement provided by a peak flow meter
Penicillium — a type of fungi or mold
parasympathomimetic — substances or
chemicals that mimic the same effect as those
that affect the parasympathetic nerves
peribronchial — surrounding the bronchi
peribronchiolar — surround the bronchioles
parenterally — subcutaneous, intramuscular or
intravenous but not orally
particulates — fine solid particles that are easily
inhaled and are considered a pollutant. See
black smoke
passive smoking — second-hand exposure to
tobacco smoke, that is breathing in the
smoke-filled air that is exhaled by a person
smoking tobacco.
pathogens — micro-organisms that can cause
disease in the human body
pathogenic — the ability of micro-organisms to
cause disease or abnormality
pathogenesis — sequence or progression in the
development of disease
PFA — potentially fatal asthma
PFT — abbreviation for pulmonary function test
pH — a scale (or measurement system) that
indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
phagocyte — a particular kind of cell that
surrounds and digest other cells, bacteria,
foreign particles and waste matter
phagocytosis — process by which cells destroy
bacteria and eliminate foreign particles and cell
waste through encapsulation and digestion
pharmacological — relating to the manufacture,
use and action of drugs
pharmacologist — specialist in the use and
action of medications
PCB — polychlorinated biphenyls. Carcinogenic
substances used in the manufacture of plastics
and insulation.
pharmacology — science of manufacturing,
usage and action of medications or drugs
peak — the highest level or point that is reached
by a variable on a graph, as opposed to the nadir
pharmacy — place where medication can be
prepared and purchased
peak flow meter — a pharmaceutical device that
is designed to give a quick estimate of the
pharmacist — professional who dispenses
medication as requested on a prescription
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
22
signed by a doctor or physician.
pharyngitis — infection of the pharynx
pharynx — throat
pharyngonasal — part above the soft palate that
opens into the nasal cavity. Also called the
oropharynx or rhinopharynx
phlegm — thick mucus that can be secreted by
the membranes lining the bronchi
photo —pertaining to light
plug — thickened mucus that blocks the opening
of a passage. In asthma, mucus plugs occur in
the bronchioles.
PND — post nasal drip, the drop by drop
discharge of nasal mucous onto the back of the
throat. Often associated with allergic reactions
involving the nose.
pollen — powdery-yellow male sex cells on the
stamens of flowers. Pollens that are easily
respirable are generally wind blown and are
often a trigger for asthma. Flowers pollinated by
bees generally have pollen that is too large to be
inhaled into the lower airways.
phrenic — pertaining to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve — nerve which passes from the
spinal chord to the diaphragm and stimulates its
movement.
physical allergy — used to refer to an allergic
response to physical conditions such as heat,
cold, light or injury
physiology — science of the study of the human
body and its working
placebo — in experimental studies, the inert
substance, identical in appearance to the drug
that is being tested, that is used as a control for
comparison
pollutant — any substance in the environment
exposure to which causes unhealthy effects
polyp — a small growth that projects outwards
from the surface of a mucous membrane
posterior nares — the opening at the back of the
nasal cavity
post nasal discharge — see PND
potent — having power, powerful, strong or
forceful
practice — exercise of a profession such as
medicine or its related fields
platelet — smallest cells in the blood
prednisone — systemic steroid used to treat
asthma, it is a powerful hormone used to reduce
inflammation and suppress the immune
response
platelet activating factor (PAF) — a major
contributor to inflammation
prednisolone — systemic steroid used to treat
asthma. It is a potent glucocorticoid.
plethysmograph — a machine designed to
measure and record resistance and changes in
lung volumes
pre-medication — in asthma, the use of a
bronchodilator prior to exercising in order to
prevent an exacerbation induced by exercise or
before exposure to a known allergen
plasma — liquid part of the blood that is a
colorless fluid
pleural cavity — area within the chest that
contains the lungs
prescription — written authorization signed by a
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
23
physician that allows a patient to receive
medication from a pharmacist
psychology — science or study of the working of
the mind, and mental processes.
Procaterol — trade name of a bronchodilator
used in the treatment of asthma
psychopathy — a disease of the mind
p.r.n. — pro re nata. Latin for “take as required”
productive cough — the sudden expulsion of air
from the lungs that clears the passages of mucus
and allows the air to reach the alveoli
prognosis — predicting the outcome of a disease
based on the patient, the current stage and the
usual progression of the disease
psychosocial — the consequences resulting from
an individual’s reaction to his place in society
and his ability to function and interact with
other people
psychotropic — that which effects the mind
puberty — period between childhood and
adulthood involving a sequence of events
resulting in physiologic, mental and emotional
changes in preparation for adulthood
projectile vomiting — forceful vomiting
prophylactic — medication that is taken to
prevent episodes of disease from occurring
prophylaxis — prevention of disease
Pulmicort —trade name for budesonide, a
corticosteroid used in the treatment of asthma
pulmonary — pertaining to the lungs or
respiratory system
prostaglandin — a strong hormone-like fatty
acid that acts on certain organs causing changes
in muscle tone (stimulating bronchial smooth
muscles) as well as on the autonomic and
central nervous system. Its effects also include
vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
pulmonary embolism — blood clot in the lung
whose symptoms mimic asthma
protein — refers to any of the compounds that
are organic, nitrogen based and consist of long
chains of amino acids
pulse oximetry monitor — a device that fits over
a finger-tip and is designed to measure and
record both pulse rate and oxygen levels in the
blood
proteolytic — refers to substances that break
down proteins
Proventil — trade name for albuterol, a
bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma
pulmonary function test — test that measure
how well the large and small airways of the
lungs are functioning.
PVC — polyvinylchloride, a synthetic material.
Q
pruritis — itching, sometimes caused by allergy
q.d. — quoque die. Latin for “once daily”
psychiatry — the science devoted to the cause,
prevention and treatment of behavioral,
emotional and mental disorders
q.i.d. — quater in die. Latin for “four times a
day”
psychogenic — beginning in the mind
QOL — Quality of Life
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
24
Quibron — a theophylline based drug used in
the treatment of asthma
praise or encouragement and is used to foster a
desired behavior. It is used in teaching.
Qvar — trade name for beclomethasone
propionate, a corticosteroid used for its
anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of
asthma. It uses HFA as a propellant
relapse — to return to the original condition
relaxation — reduction of tension in muscles
relaxation techniques — used to help patients
with asthma control their breathing, they
include meditation, belly breathing, exercises,
etc.
R
3 R’s of teaching — review, reassure and
reinforce
relievers — the collective name given to those
medications that are used to provide relief for
the symptoms of asthma
RAST — radioallergosorbent test, a test that is
used to indicate allergens by looking for specific
IgE antibodies
REM — acronym for Rapid Eye Movement, a
stage of deep sleep when dreaming occurs
reaction — body’s response to a stimulus such
as an allergen
remodeling — in asthma, the reshaping of the
airways due to chronic inflammation
receptor — a specific protein that lies on the
surface of a cell and binds to an
reservoir — in asthma, any place where
allergens collect
antigen, hormone, medication or
neurotransmitter
residual volume — the amount of air left in the
lungs after a complete exhalation
reflexology — an alternate therapy that uses
massage of either the palms of the hands or
soles of the feet to treat disorders
Respid — trade name of a theophylline based
bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma
reflux — backward flow of the contents of the
stomach to the esophagus causing heart burn.
See also GERD
refractory period — in asthma, that period of
time during exercising, when symptoms
decrease after an initial flare up.
referral — procedure by which a physician
obtains more help for a patient
respiration — breathing so that carbon dioxide
produced by the body is exchanged for oxygen
from the air
respirator — a machine that helps patients who
cannot breathe on their own, to breathe
respiratory — refers to respiration or breathing
respiratory center — that part of the brain that
controls breathing and monitors the oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels in the blood
regimen — program of treatment for a disease
reinforcement — a psychological approach that
rewards specific behavior with some form of
respiratory cycle — the sequence of breathing in
followed by breathing out
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
25
respiratory distress — difficulty breathing which
if not treated can result in the failure of the
lungs to function. This can happen with an
severe asthma exacerbation.
respiratory exchange ratio — a comparison of
the amount of oxygen breathed in and carbon
dioxide breathed out
respiratory failure — refers to inadequate
oxygen levels due to inability of the heart and
lungs to maintain the oxygen-carbon dioxide
transfer functions
respiratory muscles — muscles that are involved
in breathing
respiratory rate — the normal breathing rate
which is about 15 breaths per minute at rest. In
asthma, >25/minute for adults, and >30/minute
for children, is a sign of an exacerbation.
respiratory rhythm — the normal cycle of
breathing in and out. In asthma an exhalation
takes a longer period of time than an inhalation.
breathing in order to keep a patient alive when
their lungs or heart fail.
resuscitator — a machine or apparatus that
pumps air into the lung
retraction — in asthma, the visible in-drawing of
the skin between the ribs during inhalation. It is
a clear indication of a severe exacerbation
rhinitis — inflammation of the lining of the nose
rhinopharynx — the part above the soft palate
that opens into the nasal cavity. Also called the
pharyngonasal cavity or nasopharynx
rhinoscopy — examination of the nasal passages
and its mucous membranes
rhinovirus — an infection of the nose by a virus,
commonly called a cold
Rhizopus — a type of mold
RRT — registered respiratory therapist, a
specially trained respiratory-care practitioner
respiratory system — see respiratory tract
respiratory tract — the complex of structures
and organs that are involved in breathing and in
the exchange of oxygen from the air outside
with the carbon dioxide in the blood. Also called
the respiratory system it involves every part
from the nose to the alveoli. It is divided into the
upper and lower tracts.
respiratory tract infection — infection of the
upper or lower respiratory tract
respiratory zone — alveoli where the gas
exchange takes place
response — in asthma and allergy, the reaction
to a stimulus or allergen by the body resulting in
symptoms
resuscitation — use of artificial methods of
RSV — respiratory syncytial virus that is often
the cause for the development of asthma
RV — residual volume or the volume of gas in
the lungs that remains after expiration
S
salbutamol — generic name for a bronchodilator
or reliever medication used in the treatment of
asthma
Salmeterol — trade name of a long-acting
bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma.
It should not be used for immediate relief of
symptoms.
seasonal allergies — allergies that last for a
specific period of time and are connected to a
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
26
particular seasonal occurrence. For instance, in
spring the allergic reaction may be caused by
pollen from trees; or in fall allergic reactions
may be due to ragweed or mold.
secrete — to discharge or emit
secretions — the substance which is emitted.
For instance, mucous membranes secrete
mucus.
self-awareness — in asthma it refers to the
ability to notice symptoms, their occurrence and
degree of severity
self-destructive behavior — behaving that puts
the patient at risk for unhealthy outcomes. For
instance, a patient with asthma who smokes or
knowingly goes into a smoke-filled room will
exacerbate the asthma.
self-efficacy — person’s belief in his or her
ability to do something or to reach a specific
goal
self-evaluation — in asthma, the ability to assess
or judge the effect of triggers and the severity of
the reaction and to decide on the treatment
necessary to control the symptoms
self-management — the ability to manage one’s
disease, such as asthma, with some help from
health care professionals, with the day to day
management of the disease done by the person.
The person takes responsibility for the taking of
prescribed medications, health related
behaviors and changes to the environment to
minimize and handle exacerbations.
taking responsibility for health, a holistic
approach that is emphasized in alternate
therapies
sensitization — an initial exposure to an allergen
or foreign protein resulting in the formation of
antibodies which on re-exposure cause a
reaction. See allergy
septum — thin wall that separates or divides
two cavities
sequence — series of events that occur one
after the other
Serevent — trade name of salmeterol, a long
acting bronchodilator
serous cells — cells that line the walls of body
cavities and produce serum or a similar
substance
serous membrane — the thin lining of the cavity
that covers the organs within and allows the
organ, such as the lungs, to move without
constraint
serum — a thin clear watery fluid that works to
moisten the serous membranes
shallow, rapid breathing — quick, short breaths
so that breathing takes place in the upper areas
of the lungs. In asthma, it is indicative of an
exacerbation.
sodium cromoglycate — a non-steroid
anti-inflammatory used in the treatment of
asthma
self-observation — a pre-requisite to self
management. It requires that a patient with
asthma or allergies monitor themselves and
observe the response to allergens, and discover
their triggers
shock — a state where the cells of the body do
not receive sufficient oxygen due to insufficient
blood flow, which if it persists results in damage
to cells and tissues and subsequent
deterioration of the cardiovascular system. If
untreated it leads to death.
self-responsibility — refers to an individual
short-acting — brief period of time that elapses
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
27
before the medication’s effects are felt
sign — that which can be seen by another.
Symptoms (such as chest tightness) are not
always visible to the HCP, but symptoms such as
coughing and rapid breathing when observed by
another are considered signs.
society that a person holds because of earning
ability
Solu-Cortef — trade name for a corticosteroid
Solu-Medrol — trade name for a corticosteroid
somatic system — voluntary system
Singulair — trade name. See montelukast
sinuses — hollows or cavities in the upper jaw
lined with mucous membranes. They include the
maxilliary, the frontal, the ethmoidal and the
sphenoid.
sinusitis — inflammation of the sinuses
skin tests — a method of testing for allergies by
depositing minute quantities of the suspected
allergen on the skin and watching for a reaction.
Also known as allergy testing.
Slo-bid — trade name for a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
Slo-Phyllin — trade name for a theophyllline
based drug used in the treatment of asthma as a
bronchodilator.
spacer — a pharmaceutical device used in
asthma. When used with an MDI it acts as a
holding chamber and allows deposition of the
large particles to occur in the spacer instead of
in the mouth
spasm — in asthma, a sudden, unexpected and
uncontrolled movement of the muscles
surrounding the bronchi
spasmogen — any substance that produces
spasms in the smooth muscle. For instance,
histamine produces spasm in the smooth
muscles surrounding the airways of the lungs.
speech therapist — specialist who treats people
with disorders affecting speech and vocal chord
dysfunction
sphenoid — bone at the base of the skull
smoking — in asthma and allergies, this refers to
the use of tobacco smoke
smooth muscle — one of two kinds of muscle
that cannot be consciously controlled. These
muscles, for instance, surround the bronchi and
tend to go into spasm when the airways are
exposed to inhaled allergens
sneeze — a sudden forceful exhalation through
the nose due to irritation in the nasal passages
spirogram — graph drawn by a spirometer that
records the amount of air inhaled and exhaled
spirometer — machine that is used to perform
spirometry
spirometry — test used to measure and record
the amount of inhaled and exhaled air in order
to determine pulmonary function
Social Security — a national system that
provides assistance for retired, widowed and
unemployed people through a variety of public
welfare programs
status asthmaticus — an acute, long lasting and
severe asthma exacerbation where the patient
requires mechanical help with breathing as well
as drugs to reduce inflammation and to dilate
the bronchi.
socio-economic status — refers to the place in
stenosis — bronchial stenosis is the narrowing of
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
28
the interior or lumen of the bronchi
similar to those of the sympathetic nervous
system
steroid — a category of natural chemical
compounds such as hormones that are essential
for life. It is also used to refer to synthetic
compounds with the same properties. See
corticosteroids
symptoms — symptoms of asthma include
coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and
difficulty breathing. Some patients may not
cough, others may not wheeze.
stress — psychological, emotional and/or
physical reaction to a harmful event that upsets
the normal stability of the person
synergistic — the combined effects of two
separate items such that the total effect is
greater than the sum of its parts.
stridor — abnormal, high pitched breathing
caused by blockage in the larynx and heard on
inhalation
synthetic — not natural, artificial
sulphur dioxide — an air pollutant, written as
SO2
sunset yellow #6 — a food coloring agent that
has been linked to allergic reactions
surfactant — a wetting agent that is used to
reduce surface tension. Bronchodilators in MDIs
use them to reduce the surface tension and to
aid penetration of the medication to below the
surface of the pulmonary alveoli.
susceptible — increased likelihood of suffering ill
effects. For instance, parents who are allergic
are likely to have children who will be more
susceptible to allergic reactions.
Symbicort — trade name of a combination
asthma medication that contains a
corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) together
with a long-acting bronchodilator (salmeterol
xinaforte)
systemic — refers to the whole system or body
and not to any particular part
T
T cell — a lymphocyte produced in the bone
marrow and matured in the thymus that
circulates through the body. It is responsible for
cellular immunity.
T helper cell — a lymphocyte that produces
various cytokines that modulate the immune
response. It affects the production of antibodies
by B cells.
tachycardia — rapid heart beat
tachyphylaxis — the state reached when
repeated dosages of a drug lead to markedly
reduced effectiveness
tachypnea — an abnormally quick rate of
breathing
sympathetic or excitatory system — part of the
autonomic nervous system
tannic acid — chemical used to reduce the level
of dust mites in carpeting
sympathomimetic amines — medication that
behaves like the sympathetic nervous system in
relaxing smooth muscles
tartrazine — an artificial yellow coloring agent,
also called FD&C #5, known to trigger asthma
sympatheticamine — a drug that causes effects
tendon — fibrous band of tissue that attaches
muscle to bone
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
29
terbutaline — generic name of a bronchodilator
used in the treatment of asthma
terminal respiratory unit — the alveoli or air
sacs at the end of the bronchial tree
Th1 — a kind of T helper cell that secretes
interferon gamma and Il-2 and is responsible for
cellular immunity
Th2 — a subset of T helper cells that synthesizes
Il-4, Il-5 and Il-10
Theobid — trade name for a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
Theodur — trade name of a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
Theolair — trade name of a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
theophylline — a bronchodilator that is used to
relax smooth muscles. It must be used with
caution so as not to exceed therapeutic levels.
Theovent — trade name of a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
in the treatment of asthma
TLC — total lung capacity or the volume of gas
contained in the lungs after a full inspiration
toxin — a poisonous compound that is produced
by plant, animal or microorganism
trachea — the windpipe or that part of the
airway between the larynx and the bronchi
tracheal stenosis — narrowing of the trachea
tracheobronchial tree — the complex of
structures that includes the windpipe, the
bronchi and the smaller airways of the lungs.
tracheabronchitis — inflammation of the
trachea and bronchi
tracheomalacia — refers to the softening of the
trachea
trichlorofluoromethane — a propellant used in
asthma inhalers that has been phased out
because it damages the ozone layer
therapeutic — the practice of medicine for the
treatment of disease
Trendelenberg position — used in the treatment
of anaphylactic shock where the pelvis (hips)
and legs are positioned higher than the head on
a slanted, flat surface
therapist — health care professional with certain
skills in a specific kind of therapy
triage — the sorting or classification of patients
according to their medical needs
thorax — chest
trigger — in asthma, anything that causes an
exacerbation of symptoms
thrush — a fungal infection of the mouth
t.i.d. — ter in die. Latin for “three times a day”
tidal volume — the amount of air inhaled and
exhaled during normal breathing
Tilade — trade name for nedocromil sodium, a
non-steroid anti-inflammatory medication used
TSP — tri sodium phosphate. A multi-purpose
unscented cleaner that must be used according
to the directions on the package
turbinates — cartilage dividers within the nose
that are covered with mucous membranes
Tylenol — trade name for acetaminophen
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
30
U
vasodilator — any substance that causes the
widening of blood vessels
UAO — upper airway obstruction
vasovagal — sudden loss of consciousness due
to lack of blood flow to the brain due to less
blood released by the heart and widening of
blood vessels around the heart and a reduced
heart rate
Uniphyll — trade name of a theophylline based
drug used in the treatment of asthma
upper respiratory tract — the nose, sinuses,
larynx and trachea. Its function is to clean and
humidify the air entering the nose before it
reaches the lungs.
VCD — vocal chord dysfunction. Condition that
is sometimes mistaken for anaphylaxis
URI — upper respiratory infection
Ventolin — trade name for salbutamol, a
reliever medication used to relieve symptoms of
asthma
urticaria — a skin eruption marked by itchy
wheals of differing shapes and sizes. Also called
hives.
ventilate — to drive out stale air and replace it
by circulating fresh air
ventilation — the movement of air in and out of
the lungs or the replacement of air in a space by
fresh air
V
vaccine — any preparation designed to provide
immunity to a specific agent such as the
influenza vaccine
vagal — pertaining to the vagus nerve
vagus nerve — the longest cranial nerve.
Essential for many functions of the body
Vanceril — trade name for an anti-inflammatory
medication used in the treatment of asthma
vascular ring — situation when the main blood
vessel leaving the heart surrounds the trachea
causing difficulty and noisy breathing
vertebrae — the 33 bones that comprise the
spinal column
viral infection — refers to an infection caused by
a virus
virus — minuscule infectious organism that can
cause disease
VOC — volatile organic compounds. Air
pollutants such as hydrocarbons, formaldehyde,
aromatics and terpenes, etc which can trigger
asthma
vasoconstriction — constriction of blood vessels
vocal chords — organ of speech, the bands of
flexible tissue in the larynx
vasodilation — widening of the lumen of blood
vessels. See also vasodilatation
voluntary — any action or thought that can be
controlled by the person
vasodilatation — widening or enlarging of blood
vessels
vomit — to get rid of the contents of the
stomach through the mouth
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.
The Asthma Educator’s Glossary
31
W
reliever medication used in the treatment of
asthma
wellness — a state of physical, mental and
emotional health that involves the full
realization of the individual’s potential and
avoidance of detrimental behaviors.
Y
wheeze — sound produced when air is rapidly
inhaled or exhaled through narrowed airways. In
asthma, the wheezing sound is generally heard
on exhalation.
yin-yang — in Chinese medicine, two complementary though opposing influences that must
be kept in equilibrium to maintain health.
yeast — a type of fungus
wind pipe — see trachea
Z
X
Zaditen — trade name for Ketotifen, a
non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug used in the
treatment of asthma
xanthine — a nitrogen byproduct found
naturally in some plants such as coffee, tea and
cocoa that stimulates the nervous system and
relaxes smooth muscles. See methylxanthines
zafirlukast —generic name for a leukotriene
inhibitor used in the treatment of asthma.
Should not be used for symptomatic relief.
Xolair — an immunomodulator used in asthma
with patients who have severe allergy-induced
asthma. Trade name for omalizumab.
zileuton — generic name for a leukotriene
inhibitor used in the treatment of asthma.
Should not be used for relief of symptoms.
Xopenex — trade name for levalbuterol, a
Zyflo — trade name for zileuton
© 2014 The Asthma Education Clinic. All rights reserved.