Download 40 Immunity Packet

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Page 512
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BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch35
Class __________________
Date ______________
Page 513
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Date ______________
16. What is a gland? A gland is a structure that makes and secretes a particular product such as
Section 35–1 Human Body Systems
saliva, sweat, or milk.
(pages 891–896)
17. Circle the letter of the type of tissue that connects body parts.
This section describes human organ systems and explains how the body
maintains homeostasis.
homeostasis
stimulus is referred to as
b. Tissues
3. Skeletal system
g
4. Integumentary system
e
5. Endocrine system
i
6. Lymphatic/Immune
systems
d
7. Muscular system
j
8. Reproductive system
9. Respiratory system
10. Excretory system
k
11. Circulatory system
h
12. Digestive system
Function
a. Stores mineral reserves and provides a site for
blood cell formation
b. Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
c. Coordinates the body’s response to changes in
its internal and external environments
d. Helps produce voluntary movement, circulate
blood, and move food
e. Controls growth, development, metabolism,
and reproduction
f. Eliminates wastes and maintains homeostasis
g. Serves as a barrier against infection and injury
h. Converts food so it can be used by cells
i. Helps protect the body from disease
j. Produces reproductive cells
k. Brings materials to cells, fights infection, and
helps to regulate body temperature
13. What are four types of tissues found in the human body? The four types of tissues are
muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
14. The eye is an example of a (an)
.
organ
.
Thermostat senses
temperature change and
switches off heating system
Room temperature
increases
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f
feedback inhibition
inhibition to maintain a stable temperature in a house.
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2. Nervous system
.
20. Fill in the missing labels in the diagram to show how a thermostat uses feedback
c. Organs
d. Organ systems
a
(pages 895–896)
19. The process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original
a. Cells
c
c. epithelial
d. integumentary
18. The process of maintaining a controlled, stable internal environment is called
(pages 891–894)
Match the organ system with its function.
Organ System
a. nervous
b. connective
Maintaining Homeostasis
1. List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism, from smallest to largest.
b
5:52 PM
Name______________________________
Chapter 35 Nervous System
Organization of the Body
8/7/03
Room temperature
decreases
Thermostat senses
temperature change and
switches on heating system
21. Is the following sentence true or false? The part of the brain that monitors and controls
body temperature is the hypothalamus.
true
22. What happens if nerve cells sense that the core body temperature has dropped
below 37°C? The hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to
speed up their activities, which causes a gradual rise in body temperature.
23. What happens if the body temperature rises too far above 37°C? The hypothalamus
slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat.
15. Circle the letter of the type of tissue that covers interior and exterior body surfaces.
a. nervous
c. epithelial
b. connective
d. muscle
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 35
513
Name____________________________
Class __________________
Date __________
Name
Class
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease
Nonspecific Defenses
Nonspecific defenses are immune responses that do not distinguish between one pathogen and another.
Use the words below to complete the table. The first one has been done
for you.
cilia
fever
inflammatory response
interferon
Date
Section Review 40-1
Reviewing Key Concepts
Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following:
1. What is a disease?
skin
2. What are three general causes of disease?
3. Name the four ways in which infectious diseases are spread.
Nonspecific Defense
Role
mucus
traps pathogens in the nose and throat
Reviewing Key Skills
4. Applying Concepts The organism that causes meningitis has been
identified as a bacterium named Neisseria meningitis. Does this
identification support the germ theory of disease? Explain your
answer.
increases body temperature to slow the
growth of pathogens
inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins and
helps block viral replication
5. Inferring Koch’s postulates state that a pathogen must be isolated
and grown in a laboratory in pure culture. Why is this step essential
to identifying the pathogen that causes a specific disease?
provides a barrier that prevents pathogens
from entering the body
produces white blood cells to fight infection
Use the table to answer the question. Circle the correct answer.
1. Which nonspecific defense, considered part of the first line of
defense, helps keep pathogens out of the body?
skin
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push pathogens away from the lungs
Classifying On the line provided, write the type of pathogen that causes each
disease.
6. Influenza
7. Anthrax
8. Malaria
9. Athlete’s foot
10. Applying Concepts Would an antibiotic help you get rid of the
common cold? Explain your answer.
fever
Teaching Resources / Chapter 40
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Name
Class
Name____________________________
Date
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease
Section Review 40-2
Class __________________
Date __________
Humoral Immunity
When an antigen first enters the body, some B cells recognize the
antigen. They grow and divide rapidly, producing plasma cells
and memory B cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies against
the antigen. The memory B cells remain able to produce those
antibodies. The next time that antigen enters the body, the body’s
reaction is much faster.
Reviewing Key Concepts
Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions.
1. How does skin act as a nonspecific defense against pathogens?
2. How does the inflammatory response protect your body from pathogens?
First Infection
Antigen
3. What is permanent immunity?
Matching On the line provided, write the letter of the type of immunity that
matches the description.
A
a. cell-mediated immunity b. active immunity c. humoral immunity d. passive immunity
4. Pathogens marked by antibodies are destroyed by phagocytes.
5. Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and
destroying them.
6. A vaccine is injected that enables the body to mount an immune response
against the pathogen.
7. Antibodies from another animal are injected into the bloodstream and
remain for several weeks.
Reviewing Key Skills
Antibody Concentration
8. What happens to the antibody
concentration after the second exposure?
Why does this change occur?
C
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Interval
between
exposures
First
exposure
Second
exposure
Time
9. Applying Concepts After having chicken pox, a person carries millions of memory
B cells. Why is it unlikely for this person to develop the disease again?
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Interpreting Graphics Use the diagram to
answer the following question.
B
Identify each step shown in the diagram. Write A, B, or C to match the
descriptions with the diagram above.
Antigen binds to B cell.
Some B cells develop into memory B cells.
Some B cells develop into plasma cells. Plasma cells
produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream.
504
Teaching Resources / Chapter 40
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399
BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch40
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Class __________________
Date __________
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Section 40–3 Immune System Disorders
Cell-Mediated Immunity
When a body cell becomes infected with a pathogen, cell-mediated
immunity occurs. Different types of T cells are involved in cellmediated immunity. These include killer T cells, helper T cells,
suppressor T cells, and memory T cells.
The table describes the function of four different types of T cells. Use the
words below to complete the table. The first one has been done for you.
helper T cell
killer T cell
suppressor T cell
Date ______________
(pages 1043–1047)
This section describes diseases that affect the immune system.
Allergies
(page 1043)
1. An overreaction of the immune system caused by antigens is called a(an)
allergy
.
2. Circle the letter of each choice that is a result of allergens binding to mast cells.
a. The mast cells release chemicals known as histamines.
b. There is increased flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area.
c. Sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and other symptoms occur.
d. Antihistamines are released by the mast cells.
Type of T cell
Function
memory T cell
Causes a secondary response if a pathogen that has
already caused a response enters the body again
Asthma
(page 1044)
3. A chronic respiratory disease in which air passages become narrower than normal is
called
Releases substances that shut down killer T cells
asthma
.
Autoimmune Diseases
(page 1044)
4. What produces an autoimmune disease? It is produced by the immune system making a
mistake and attacking the body’s own cells.
Finds and destroys cells infected with a pathogen
Produces memory T cells
cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity
2. Why might patients that receive organ transplants need to take
medicines that suppress the cell-mediated immune response?
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Autoimmune Disease
Organ or Tissue That Is Attacked
Rheumatoid arthritis
Connective tissues around joints
Type I diabetes
Insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
Myasthenia gravis
Neuromuscular junctions
Multiple sclerosis
Myelin sheath that surrounds neurons
AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease
(pages 1045–1047)
6. Is the following sentence true or false? AIDS is a type of disease in which the immune
true
system is weakened by infection.
7. What does AIDS stand for? Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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400
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Answer the questions.
1. Which provides a defense against body cells that have become
infected with a pathogen?
5. Complete the table about autoimmune diseases.
Name____________________________
Class __________________
Date __________
Environmental Health Factors
Factors in your environment, such as air quality, water quality,
wastes, and solar radiation, can affect your health.
Use the words below to complete the table. The first one has been
completed for you.
carbon monoxide
ozone
radiation
Environmental Source
Factor
particulates
water contaminants
Effect on Health
dust mites, pollen, mold, trigger allergic reactions;
dander, lead, asbestos
lead can poison the liver,
kidneys, and nervous
system; asbestos can
cause lung cancer
Name______________________________
Chapter 40
Vocabulary Review
Matching In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term.
d
_____
1. disease
g
_____
2. pathogen
f
_____
3. antibiotic
a
_____
4. immunity
k
_____
5. inflammatory
response
b
_____
6. antigen
h
_____
7. vaccination
c
_____
8. allergy
e
_____
9. histamine
l
_____
10. asthma
vehicle exhaust and
factory emissions
can aggravate respiratory
conditions
untreated sewage,
chemicals
can cause digestive
diseases, hepatitis,
cholera; interfere with
organ and tissue
development; chemicals
can cause cancer
i
_____
12. vector
a. process in which the immune system produces cells that
destroy pathogens or make them harmless
b. substance that triggers the immune response
c. overreaction of the immune system to antigens such as pollen
d. any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal
functions of the body
e. chemical the body produces in response to allergens
f. drug that kills bacteria without harming the cells of the host
g. disease-causing agent
h. injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to
produce immunity
i. animal that carries pathogens from person to person
j. anything that increases the chance of disease or injury
k. response in which blood vessels expand and white blood
cells enter infected tissues to fight infection
l. chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages
become narrower than normal
Multiple Choice In the space provided, write the letter of the answer that best completes each
sentence.
a
_____
13. Koch’s postulates are rules for
a. identifying the microorganism that causes a specific disease.
b. keeping the environment safe for human health.
c. determining which vector spreads a disease.
d. protecting the skin from sunlight.
d
_____
14. Nonspecific defenses include
a. fever.
b. interferon.
c. the skin.
d. all of the above.
b
sunlight, X-rays, nuclear
radiation, radon
can cause cancer
_____ 15. The type of immunity that results when antibodies are passed from mother to
fetus is called
a. active immunity.
c. permanent immunity.
b. passive immunity.
d. inherited immunity.
c
Answer the question. Circle the correct answer.
1. What is the term for a chemical compound that can cause cancer?
carcinogen
tumor
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401
_____ 16. The type of immunity in which T cells attack abnormal or infected cells is known as
a. humoral immunity.
c. cell-mediated immunity.
b. passive immunity.
d. T cell immunity.
a
_____ 17. An example of an autoimmune disease is
a. Type I diabetes.
c. asthma.
b. AIDS.
d. allergy to pollen.
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prevents hemoglobin
from carrying oxygen
Date ______________
The Immune System and Disease
j
_____
11. risk factor
automobile exhaust,
cigarette smoke, heaters
Class __________________