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Civil War and Reconstruction Preview
Homework - CONTENT QUESTIONS – Short Answer Response
1. How was slavery a political, economic & social issue leading up to Civil War?
2. Describe the differences between the North and the South.
3. What were the elements of the Compromise of 1850 and were they successful in
calming the tensions of slavery in the new western territories?
4. How did following influence views slavery and sectionalism: Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
Underground Railroad,& the Dred Scott Case
5. What was popular sovereignty and how did it affect the issue of slavery.
6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act propose and how did it lead to Bleeding
Kansas?
7. What led people to support the Republican Party? Who was the first elected
Republican President?
8. Describe two events that John Brown took part in his efforts to abolish slavery.
9. How did the election of 1860 influence the Southern states to secede?
10. What was the significance of the Fort Sumter’s surrender?
11. What were the advantages and disadvantages for both the Union and the
Confederacy during the Civil War?
12. Why did Robert E. Lee turn down Lincoln’s request to lead the Union army?
Who did Lincoln finally appoint?
13. Why did Lincoln suspend the writ of habeas corpus?
14. What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the Union? What
impact did it have on the Confederacy?
15. Why was the Battle of Vicksburg a significant victory for the Union?
16. Explain Lincoln’s point in the Gettysburg Address.
17. Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?
18. How did the Lincoln Assassination affect Reconstruction?
19. Explain the importance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
20. How did the plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans for
Reconstruction differ?
21. What led to the impeachment of Pres. Andrew Johnson?
22. What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?
23. What impact did sharecropping and tenant farming have on southern farmers?
24. Why did the Ku Klux Klan form?
25. Describe how following aspects of the Reconstructed in the South hurt the civil
rights of African Americans: Jim Crow Laws, black codes, grandfather clause,
poll taxes, and literacy tests.
Essential Questions: Answer 1 out of the following 3 questions in essay format.
1. How can geography influence conflict?
2. What are the characteristics of a good leadership?
3. What factors lead people to discriminate?
People to know:
Abraham Lincoln
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Andrew Johnson
George McClellan
Charles Sumner
Radical Republic
Jefferson Davis
John Wilkes Booth
Stephen Douglas
William Tecumseh Sherman
the Know Nothings
54th Massachusetts Reg.
Robert E. Lee
John Brown
Harriet Tubman
George Meade
John C. Breckinridge
Henry Clay
Ulysses S. Grant
John Calhoun
William Seward
Rutherford B. Hayes
free soil party
Frederick Douglass
Vocabulary Unit 3
Habeas Corpus
Antebellum
Gettysburg Address
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Emancipation Proclamation
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Appomattox Courthouse
John Brown
Reconstruction
Missouri Compromise
Lincoln’s Plan
Popular sovereignty
Congressional Plan
Compromise of 1850
Johnson’s Plan
Fugitive Slave Law
13th Amendment
John Calhoun
14th Amendment
Henry Clay
15th Amendment
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Bleeding Kansas
Carpetbaggers
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Scalawags
Abraham Lincoln
Hiram Revels
Stephen Douglas
Share Cropping
Secession
Tenant Farming
Frederick Douglas
Poll Taxes
William Lloyd Garrison
Literacy Tests
Underground Railroad
Grandfather Clause
Nat Turner
Jim Crow Laws
The Union
Black Codes
Ulysses S. Grant
Compromise of 1877
The Confederacy
Plessy v. Ferguson
Jefferson Davis
Robert E. Lee
Fort Sumter
Unit 3: The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Coming of the Civil War
During the early 1800’s, the North and the South showed true sign of sectionalism as the nation began to grow
during the Industrial Revolution. The tariff had already divided the industrial North and the agricultural South
while the issue of slavery began to become more important as the US expanded westward. By 1861, the
southern states would secede leading to a four year conflict known as the Civil War.
Slavery becomes and issue
* (Social) Was Slavery moral or immoral?
* (Economic) What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?
* (Political) How will the US decide the slave status of its new western territories?
1. Was slavery moral or immoral?
Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 which was a fictional story about the lives of
slaves who escape slavery through the Underground Railroad. It depicts a shocking picture of a
slave’s life.
Significance of the Book: Its impact convinced northerners that slavery was wrong leading many to call
for abolition. Southerners felt the book falsely dramatized the treatment of slaves
John Brown – was a radical abolitionist who believed in abolition strongly. He chose to lead slave
rebellion in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) and attempted to raid a federal weapons warehouse to rebel
against the south and free slaves. He was caught and later executed.
2. What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?
- The agricultural needs in the South (cotton) helped to keep slavery around.
- Surprisingly the North had plenty of farms and in some cases produced more farm products like corn,
wheat and tobacco than the South.
- Where was the difference??? COTTON
3. How will the US decide its slave or non-slave status of new Western Territories?
- New territories included the Texas Annexation, the Oregon Territory (1846), and the Mexican Cession
(1848).
Ideas for solution…
Missouri Compromise (36’ 30 line)
Popular sovereignty (let the people of the state vote to be slave or free)
Attempts to settle…
Compromise of 1850 – California enters Union as a Free State / New Mexico and Utah through popular
sovereignty / No more slave trade in Wash. DC / Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 ordered runaway slaves to
be returned to their owners.
Three Senators Views
John Calhoun from______________________________
Views:
Daniel Webster from______________________________
Views:
________________________________________________________________________
Henry Clay from_________________________________
Views
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) –
Proposed by Stephen Douglas to repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow for popular sovereignty (allowing
a vote of the people in the state) to decide both Kansas and Nebraska’s slave status when entering the Union.
- Led to Northerners and Southerners (Border Ruffians) traveling to these areas to vote.
- Bleeding Kansas (1856) – Violence led by John Brown (killed 5) caused summer of violence between
Northern and Southern supporters. (Over 200 dead in clashes)
Dred Scott v. Sanford –
Scott (a slave) sued for freedom after moving from Missouri to the free state of Illinois. The Supreme
Court under chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Scott was not a citizen therefore could not sue. Scott
did not get his freedom as a result of the case.
John Brown’s Raid- (1859)
Brown and several supporters raided a federal weapons warehouse in Harper’s Ferry Virginia to lead a
revolt against slavery in the South. He was captured by Robert E. Lee and sentenced to death.
Rise of the Republican Party
- The Republican Party formed in 1854 with a platform to stop the spread of slavery in the West.
- Abraham Lincoln arose as a Republican leader and ran for senate against Stephen Douglas (the two
would spar off into very famous debates).
- Douglas would defeat Lincoln for Senate (1858) but Lincoln would later defeat Douglas in the election
of 1860.
The Civil War
1861-1865
After the election of 1860, the southern states followed South Carolina and seceded from the United States. The
South soon became known as the Confederate States of America and were led by President Jefferson Davis. In
order to reunite the South back with the Union (the North) the North would have to defeat the South in a four
year civil war.
Why did the South secede? The election of 1860 was between Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and a
Democratic split between Stephen Douglas and John Breckenridge. Also joining the race was John Bell for
the Constitutional Union Party.
 Votes split leaving Lincoln a majority of electoral votes and the winner
- The south viewed Lincoln as an abolitionist President
- South Carolina seceded first followed by other southern states (some which at first opposed secession).
- Virginia was one toughest blows to the Union when they seceded after Fort Sumter was taken.
Two Nations
The United States of America
a.k.a. The Union
President Abraham Lincoln
General Ulysses S. Grant
Advantages
Strategies
The Confederate States of America
a.k.a. The Confederacy
President Jefferson Davis
General Robert E. Lee
More Men, Money & Manufacturing
More Railroads
Naval blockade, control Mississippi R.
Fighting defensive war
Better military leaders
Knowledge of land
Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 12, 1861: (The opening shots of the Civil War)
- After refusing to give up their federal fort in SC, the northern forces were attacked by Confederates.
Fort Sumter was won by the Confederacy.
- Lincoln had no choice but to retaliate with force and the Civil War begins.
Major Events of the Civil War
Battle of Manassas or 1st Battle of Bull Run- first battle of Civil War (CSA won)
Merrimack and Monitor - Navy battles of the ironclad ships.
Battle of Antietem- neither sided won but great losses forced Lee’s troops back.
Emancipation Proclamation- Pres. Lincoln order to free all slave on Jan. 1, 1863
Battle of Shiloh - bloody battle where Union forces won in Tennessee.
Battle of Vicksburg- Grants attempt to fully control Mississippi River led to total war
Battle of Gettysburg- Lee’s army forced to in Pennsylvania after Pickett’s where
Confederates under George Pickett were beaten.
Gettysburg Address- Short speech by Lincoln to honor those lost in the war which helped to redefine the US
and the purpose of the war. (November 19, 1863)
Election of 1864- Lincoln wins reelection against Gen. George McClellan.
Appomattox Court House- Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 ending the Civil War.
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
As the Civil War ended plans were already in place of how to help rebuild the South and reunite the Union. On
April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated and plans to “reconstruct” the South became a power
struggle between new President Andrew Johnson and a Congress dominated by Radical Republicans. The
result would be a time period marked with both success and failure in the struggle for equality.
Three Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan- (10% Plan) It was a forgiving plan. When 10% of voters swore an oath to the Union,
they could return to the US if they adopted the 13th Amendment.
- Former Confederate soldiers would be pardoned.
Congressional Plan – (Wade Davis Bill) It was a more punishing plan. It required a majority of voters
to take an oath to the Union. (Lincoln would not sign it.)
- Freedmen’s Bureau-set up to help former slaves adjust to freedom by giving food, clothes, & supplies
(Lincoln and Congress supported).
***APRIL 14,1865: LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED at Ford’s Theater in Washington DC by John Wilkes
Booth while seeing the play Our American Cousin.
Andrew Johnson (Vice Pres.) now becomes the 17th President. Johnson was a Southern Democrat who
Lincoln placed on his ticket as a sign of reconciliation with Southerners.
Johnson’s Plan – Was a compromise between Lincoln and Congress’ plan. It called for a majority to
swear an oath to the Union, BUT gave out 13,000 pardons to former Confederates that outraged
Congress.
- Congress and Johnson did agree on an end to slavery, but Johnson would not go much further to ensure
civil rights.
Radical Republicans and Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans- in Congress opposed Johnson’s ideas and wanted more civil rights.
13th Amendment- (1865) ended slavery in the US.
14th Amendment- (1866) gave African American s citizenship and equal protection under the law (due
process).
15th Amendment- (1870) gave voting rights to males of all races over 21.
Theses civil rights amendments were opposed by Johnson as a power struggled ensued between Johnson and
Radical Republicans in Congress.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867- created 5 military districts in the South to be governed by northern generals.
Forced Southerners to agree to 14th Amendment.
Johnson’s impeachment – Congress impeached Johnson on a minor offense (Tenure of Office Act), but was
not removed from office by one vote. Precedent was set that a President wouldn’t be removed from office
based upon disagreements and minor offenses
- Johnson’s power after impeachment was hurt, leaving the people to want a newly elected President at
the end of the term.
- Ulysses S. Grant was elected the 18th President (1868).
Reconstruction in the South
Although much had been done for the civil rights of African Americans, the efforts of the Radical Republicans
would soon be undermined by violent clashes and unjust laws.
Carpetbaggers- nickname to white northerners who traveled South thought to be taking advantage of the
political situation in the South.
Scalawags- nickname for southern whites who sided with the northern view of Reconstruction.
Advancement for the Freedmen
- Sixteen African American won Congress seats in states like Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.
- Hiram Revels was the 1st Af. Am. Senator from Mississippi followed by Blanche Bruce
Southern Whites Fight Back (Conservative southerners opposed changes in the South) These are all ways of
the South that hurt African Americans
Ku Klux Klan- white social club started in 1866 which set out to terrorize and prevent African Americans from
exercising their new freedoms and voting.
Sharecropping – African Americans and poor white farmers that worked on someone’s farm for a small share
of the crops as payment. (Seen as an alternative to slavery)
Tenant Farming- farmers that paid cash to farm a portion of a plantation owner’s farm.
Poll Taxes- fee required to vote that made it hard for the poor to vote.
Literacy Tests- reading test that needed to be completed in order to vote.
Grandfather Clause – exemption to the literacy test if your grandfather had voted before 1867. This allowed
many illiterate whites to still vote, but not Af. Am.(b/c 15th Am-1870)
Jim Crow Laws – local laws that allowed segregation to be legal in places like school, restaurants, hospitals,
hotels, train, etc.
Black Codes- local laws in the South that required blacks to have curfews and chaperones around town.
Compromise of 1877- Rutherford B. Hayes was allowed to win a highly disputed Presidential election over
Samuel Tilden if Hayes promised Southern Democrats to pull all remaining federal troops out of the South.
- By the 1870’s the rise of big business and industry became the focus of the nation.
- Reconstruction began to fade from the minds of the Republicans in Congress who had helped African
Americans to gain great steps toward equality.
- As the focus of the nation had changed, African Americans remained unable to achieve equality in the
South. Many Af. Am. migrated North to cities. Many stayed South.
- The successes of Reconstruction (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, the reuniting of the nation, and new
opportunities for equality) were overshadowed by the South’s reluctance to change and the North
abandonment of Reconstruction.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Homer Plessy’s challenge to segregated train cars based upon the 14th Amendment
(equal protection under law). Supreme Court ruled that “separate can be equal” setting the stage for over 58
more years of legalized segregation until Brown v. Topeka Bd. of Ed.(1954) overturns “separate but equal”
precedent.
- These failures wouldn’t be changed until the 1950’s & 1960’s Civil Rights Movement
African American Civil Rights (1900-1970)
At the turn of the 20th Century, African Americans had still not received the equality that was desired during the
Reconstruction period. With two world wars and a depression, little was accomplished in the movement until
the Cold War period.
Early Efforts of the 20th Century (Before World War II)
Booker T. Washington – African American leader who felt that equality would be at a slow pace and
not until after Af-Americans received educations to be involved politically
W.E.B. Du Bois -African American activist who felt that Af. Am. should end discrimination
immediately and not wait as B.T. Washington had suggested.
NAACP - (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed in 1909 by WEB Du
Bois, Jane Addams, and Lincoln Steffans to fight discrimination.
Harlem Renaissance – A cultural revival of African American arts in the 1920’s.
FDR’s Black Cabinet - President Roosevelt advisory committee of Af. American leaders to keep him in
touch with African American issues.
CORE - (Congress of Racial Equality) formed in 1942 to work towards equality.
Jackie Robinson- 1st African American to enter Major League Baseball from the Negro Leagues which
set the precedent for others to follow.
Civil Rights in the Postwar Era
Desegregating the Military-Harry Truman issued an executive order as Commander-in- Chief to end
segregated troops in the US military after World War II.
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education – (1954) Supreme Court case that finally banned segregated
schools by overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision allowing Jim Crow
Laws to exist (14th Amendment – equal protection).
Little Rock, Arkansas – refusing to desegregate the high school, the National Guard was brought into
Little Rock to oversee the safety of nine black students who wished to attend.
Rosa Parks – helped to inspire the Montgomery Bus Boycotts after being arrested in 1955 for refusing
to give up her seat to a white male.
Montgomery Bus Boycotts- Alabama bus boycott (381 days) organized in protest of Jim Crow laws on
public buses and organized by Martin Luther King Jr. who adapted the protest method of civil
disobedience (non-violent protest) from Gandhi and Thoreau.
SCLC – (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. to
encourage nonviolent passive resistance efforts and marches.
SNCC – (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) founded in 1960 as a younger persons nonviolent protest group (supported sit-ins, boycotts and marches).
Freedom Riders- buses loaded with protesters that would travel in southern states to protest
segregation. They faced violence form the KKK and buses were bombed.
Birmingham Protests- Martin Luther King was jailed and later released after protests turned violent
when police dogs and fire hoses were used on protesters in 1963. King wrote his Letter from
Birmingham Jail to justify the protests to white clergymen.
Medgar Evers – a leader in the Mississippi NAACP who was assassinated in 1963 for attempting to
organize protests to follow those in Birmingham.
University of Alabama – in 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace refused to allow two black
students to the college. Students were let in after pressure from JFK / military.
March On Washington- 1963 march in Wash DC where King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech on
the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Over 200,000 attended.
Freedom Summer - Summer of 1964 where blacks attempted to register to vote throughout Mississippi.
(James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner killed).
Black Panthers- radical “black power” that would advocate the use of violence if needed. Led by
Stokely Carmichael, Bobby Seals and Angela Davis.
Malcolm X- Militant Muslim leader assassinated in 1965 in NYC.
Progress Made Towards Equality
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned discrimination in hiring practices and ended Jim Crow Laws
(segregation) in public places.
24th Amendment (1964) – banned poll taxes (from Reconstruction)
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – ended literacy tests (from Reconstruction)
Affirmative Action – program in which businesses and schools that receive federal funds are
encouraged to recruit minorities and women in their application processes (to make up for years of past
discrimination).
- This progress is heavily debated today and referred to by critics as reverse discrimination.
Edward Brooke – In 1966, became the first black Senator since Reconstruction.
Thurgood Marshall – In 1967, became the first African American Supreme Court Justice (he was also
the lawyer for the Brown’s in the Topeka Board of Ed. Case.
Murders during the Civil Rights Movement
Emmett Till – 14 year old boy who was murdered by two white men in Mississippi for saying “By
Baby” to a white woman in a store (1955).
Medger Evers – NAACP leader murdered in his driveway in Jackson, Mississippi after attempting to
organize boycotts (1963)
John F. Kennedy – Assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963.
16th Street Baptist Church – Four girls (Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, and
Carole Robertson) were killed after KKK members bombed the Birmingham church where the girls
attended Sunday school (1963).
Freedom Summer Murders – CORE members James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael
Schwerner were killed for trying to help register African American voters in Mississippi (1964).
Malcolm X – Assassinated in NYC in 1965 by member of the Muslim movement.
Jimmie Lee Jackson – After a night march organization in Marion, Alabama, Jackson was killed by an
Alabama State Trooper. Jackson was trying to protect his mother and grandfather who were being
attacked by police (1965).
Martin Luther King Jr. – Assassinated on April 4, 1968 from a hotel balcony.
Robert F. Kennedy – Assassinated in the summer of 1968 after giving a campaign speech while
running for President.
*** Combined with the Vietnam War, the assassinations and the civil rights movement display why the 1960’s
is called a decade of turmoil.
Conclusion:
By the 1970’s the US finally began to show progress in its attempts to rid the nation of discrimination.
However, the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s is proof that the US did not completely solve the
problems left over from the Reconstruction Period 100 years earlier. How far has the nation come since the
efforts of the civil rights movement?