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Name: ___________________ Mid-Term Exam Study Guide Intro Unit 1. Caveat 2. Homo Sapiens 3. Anatomical Modernity 4. Behavioral Modernity 5. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution 6. Nomadic 7. Sedentary 8. Economic Specialization 9. Homer 10. The Iliad 11. The Odyssey 12. Socrates 13. Plato 14. Aristotle 15. Impiety 16. Socratic Method 17. Ethics 18. Philosopher Kings 19. Metaphysics 20. Logic 21. Virtue 22. Athenian Democracy 23. Oligarchy 24. Dictatorship 25. Democratic Government 26. Authoritarian Government 27. The Allegory of the Cave 28. Pericles’ Funeral Oration 29. The Myth of Sisyphus 30. Ozymandius 31. Roman Aqueducts 32. Roman Republic 33. Cincinnatus 34. Roman Empire 35. Julius Caesar 36. Augustus 37. Constantine 38. Edict of Milan 39. Council of Nicaea 40. Edict of Thessalonica 41. Feudalism 42. Peasants 43. The Church 44. Thomas Aquinas 45. Aristotelian Logic 46. Magna Carta 47. Carolingian Family 48. Clovis 49. Charlemagne 50. “Holy Roman Emperor” 51. Social Mobility 52. The Great Schism 53. Council of Constance 54. The Black Death 55. Hundred Years’ War 56. Joan of Arc 57. The Crusades 58. Pope Urban II 59. Reconquista 60. Spanish Inquisition 61. Cultural Diffusion Renaissance Art, Artists, and Causes 62. Janus 63. The Renaissance 64. Florence 65. Venice 66. Ottoman Empire 67. Alum 68. Patron 69. Medici Family 70. “Big Three” Artists 71. Classicism 72. Humanism 73. Perspective 74. Vanishing Point 75. Gothic Architecture 76. Northern Renaissance 77. Secularism 78. Rationalism 79. Individualism Renaissance Literature 80. Divina Comedia (Divine Comedy) 81. Dante Alighieri 82. Il Principe (The Prince) 83. Niccolo Machiavelli 84. William Shakespeare 85. Vernacular 86. Proliferate / Proliferation 87. Theology 88. Universal Themes 89. Machiavellian Age of Exploration / Columbian Exchange 90. Fall of Constantinople 91. Byzantine Empire 92. Prince Henry the Navigator 93. Bartolomeu Dias 94. Vasco de Gama 95. Ferdinand Magellan 96. Conquistadores 97. Hernan Cortes 98. Francisco Pizarro 99. Pre-Columbian 100. Zheng He 101. Columbian Exchange 102. Smallpox 103. Syphilis 104. The Road Not Taken (Frost) 105. Ideological 106. Ecological Scientific Revolution 107. Johannes Gutenberg 108. Geocentric 109. Heliocentric 110. Ptolemy 111. Nicholaus Copernicus 112. Johannes Kepler 113. Galileo 114. Capitulate 115. Isaac Newton 116. Newton’s Laws of Motion 117. Francis Bacon 118. Rene Descartes Reformation 119. The Reformation 120. Indulgences 121. Wittenberg 122. Johann Tetzel 123. Martin Luther 124. 95 Theses 125. Pope Leo X 126. Excommunicate 127. John Calvin 128. Pre-destination 129. King Henry VIII 130. Annul 131. Anglican Church 132. Anne Boleyn 133. Act of Supremacy 134. Anglican / Episcopal Church Absolutism 135. Absolutism 136. Divine Right 137. Mercantilism 138. Bullion 139. Protected Markets 140. Hapsburg Family 141. Charles V 142. Holy Roman Empire 143. Abdicate 144. Philip II 145. Treaty of Tordesillas 146. Tudor Family 147. Elizabeth I 148. Sir Francis Drake 149. Privateer 150. The Spanish Armada 151. The Netherlands 152. Maritime 153. Louis XIV 154. Sun King 155. Bourbon Family 156. Fronde 157. Intendants 158. Palace of Versailles 159. Levee 160. Edict of Nantes 161. Declaration of Clergy of France 162. Jean Baptiste Colbert 163. Code Louis 164. Wars of Expansion (L14) 165. Robert de La Salle 166. Louisiana 167. Stuart Dynasty 168. English Civil War 169. King Charles I 170. Cavaliers 171. Parliament 172. Roundheads 173. Commonwealth 174. Oliver Cromwell 175. Puritanical Laws 176. Restoration 177. King Charles II 178. Glorious Revolution 179. King James II 180. William and Mary 181. Constitutional Monarchy 182. Thirty Years War 183. Defenestrate 184. Defenestration of Prague 185. Peter the Great 186. Ivan the Terrible 187. Czar 188. Journey to the West 189. St. Petersburg 190. Boyars 191. Cutting of the Beards Enlightenment 192. Thomas Hobbes 193. Leviathan 194. John Locke 195. Second Treatise on Government 196. Montesquieu 197. Rousseau 198. On the Social Contract 199. Adam Smith 200. Wealth of Nations 201. Mary Wollstonecraft 202. 203. Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Reactionary Politics 204. The Enlightenment 205. Philosophes 206. Salons 207. Natural laws 208. Natural rights 209. Status Quo 210. Popular Sovereignty 211. Social Contract 212. Inalienable 213. Deism 214. General Will 215. Capitalism 216. Civil Liberties French Revolution 217. Three Estate System 218. Tithe 219. 220. What is the Third Estate? 221. Louis XVI 222. Marie Antoinette 223. Seven Years War 224. American Revolution 225. French Debt 226. Progressive Tax System 227. Regressive Tax System 228. Bread Riots 229. Ancien Regime 230. 231. Jacques Necker 232. Estates General 233. National Assembly 234. Tennis Court Oath 235. Storming of the Bastille 236. Destruction of the Bastille (poem) 237. Declaration of the Rights of Man 238. Declaration of the Rights of Women 239. Olympe De Gouges 240. Jean-Paul Marat 241. The People’s Friend 242. Women’s March on Versailles 243. The Moderate Phase 244. Civil Constitution of the Clergy 245. Tuileries 246. Feign (to feign) 247. Flight to Varennes 248. Girondins 249. Jacobins 250. Radical 251. Sans-Culottes 252. Declaration of War with Austria 253. Brunswick Manifesto 254. Foreign War 255. War of the First Coalition 256. Counter-Revolutionaries 257. Reign of Terror 258. Committee of Public Safety 259. Revolutionary Tribunals 260. Georges Danton 261. Robespierre 262. Orator 263. Charlotte Corday 264. Death of Marat 265. Martyr 266. French Revolution Calendar 267. Guillotine 268. Execution of Louis XVI 269. Execution of Marie Antoinette 270. Execution of Robespierre 271. Festival of the Supreme Being 272. The Great Terror 273. Thermidorian Reaction 274. The Directory 275. Napoleon Bonaparte Big Questions 1. Was the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution the most important event in human history? Explain. 2. Describe the political and philosophical contributions of Ancient Greece. In what ways did the Greeks lay the foundation for Western Civilization? 3. What were the main differences between Athens and Sparta? 4. In what ways did Rome model itself after Greece? How was it different? 5. Explain how Rome caused the death of democracy. Why is this important to the history of Western Civilization? 6. Explain the early history of the Christian Church (during the Roman Empire). 7. How did Christianity spread throughout Europe, and how did this lead to the Middle Ages? 8. How did the Feudal System of the Middle Ages affect social mobility? 9. What was the only unifying political power during the Middle Ages (as well as the most powerful institution)? How did this affect the time period? 10. How did the Black Death and the Great Schism damage the reputation of the Church? 11. What crises in the Later Middle Ages led to the unraveling of the Feudal System? Be sure to focus on significance. 12. How did the Crusades contribute to the end of the Middle Ages and the rebirth of "high civilization"? 13. What caused the “Renaissance”? 14. Why were Italian city-states rich in the late Middle Ages? 15. What themes can be seen in Italian Renaissance Art? 16. What new artistic techniques were developed during the Renaissance? (Examples) 17. How did Renaissance Literature differ from previous literature? Effects? 18. What was the significance of the Fall of Constantinople? 19. How did the Age of Exploration affect the global balance of power? 20. How did China and Europe differ in their approaches to exploration? Effects? 21. What were the major impacts of the Columbian Exchange? (Not just food!) 22. How did the invention of movable type affect Europe? 23. How did the advances in science and astronomy change man’s view of the world and man’s relationship to God? 24. How did Martin Luther and Henry VIII each individually alter the power structure of Europe? 25. How can the Renaissance be seen as the beginning of our modern age? 26. Describe the relationship between Absolutism and the concept of Divine Right. 27. How did the Age of Exploration and Mercantilism increase the power of Absolute Monarchs? 28. What were the religious and political implications of the Spanish Armada? 29. How can Louis XIV be seen as the quintessential absolute monarch? How did he expand the monarch’s power? 30. Describe the important political events in England during the 1600s. What were the results? 31. During the Age of Absolutism, England and France moved in two different political directions. Explain. 32. How did the 30 Years’ War change the nature of politics in Europe? 33. What long-held beliefs did the Enlightenment thinkers challenge? 34. Describe the term “social contract” and explain how it explains the origin of politics. 35. How did the discoveries and methodology of the scientific revolution lead to the enlightenment? 36. What type or types of government did the Enlightenment thinkers deem to be unjust? Which did they deem to be just? 37. Describe the long-term financial situation of the French Monarchy in 18th century France? How did this situation come about? 38. Describe the Three Estate System during the Ancein Regime. Why did the Third estate believe they were treated unfairly? 39. How did the French people view Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette? 40. Why was the Third Estate so angry in 1789 (short-term causes)? 41. What events at the Estates-General caused the Third Estate to form their own legislature? 42. What is the significance of the Storming of the Bastille and the Women’s March on Versailles? What can these early events in the French Revolution tell us about who had the true political power in France? 43. How did the events of the French Revolution lead to the destruction of the Church’s political power in France? Be specific. 44. From the Women’s March on Versailles to Louis XVI’s execution, the French people increasingly viewed Louis XVI as a traitor and an “enemy of the revolution”. What actions and events led to this shift in perception? 45. What effect did the forming of political factions have on the French Revolution? What parties were formed, and how did they differ? 46. What role did Marat play in the French Revolution before and after his death? 47. How did the Foreign Wars impact the course of the French Revolution? 48. Why did Robespierre believe terror was necessary? How did he justify the use of terror? (Be sure to include the threats to the revolution at the time) 49. Why did people turn against Robespierre? How can his death be seen as an example of poetic justice? 50. Some have argued that the French Revolution is the most significant event in modern history. What evidence (significance) can be cited to confirm this statement? How did the Revolution change France, as well as the rest of Europe, forever? Dates: (Know the approximate dates of each) Big Bang Formation of the Earth Artwork: (Be able to identify the piece and the artist): The Last Supper, Da Vinci Life appearing on Earth Mona Lisa, Da Vinci Anatomical Modernity Virgin of the Rocks, Da Vinci Behavioral Modernity Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Vitruvian Man, Da Vinci Ancient Greece The Pieta, Michelangelo Roman Republic David, Michelangelo Roman Empire The Middle Ages St. Peter’s Basilica, Michelangelo The Renaissance The Creation of Adam (Sistine Explorers Chapel), Michelangelo Spanish Armada English Civil War English Restoration Glorious Revolution King Louis XIV’s reign French Revolution School of Athens, Raphael Mond Crucifixion, Raphael Madonna of the Meadow, Raphael Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael Index of Key Terms “Big Three” Artists “Holy Roman Emperor” 95 Theses Abdicate Absolutism Act of Supremacy Adam Smith Alum American Revolution Anatomical Modernity Ancien Regime Anglican / Episcopal Church Anglican Church Anne Boleyn Annul Aristotelian Logic Aristotle Athenian Democracy Augustus Authoritarian Government Bartolomeu Dias Behavioral Modernity Bourbon Family Boyars Bread Riots Brunswick Manifesto Bullion Byzantine Empire Capitalism Capitulate Carolingian Family Cavaliers Caveat Charlemagne Charles V Charlotte Corday Cincinnatus Civil Constitution of the Clergy Civil Liberties Classicism Clovis Code Louis Columbian Exchange Committee of Public Safety Commonwealth Conquistadores Constantine Constitutional Monarchy Corv Council of Constance Council of Nicaea CounterRevolutionaries Cultural Diffusion Cutting of the Beards Czar Dante Alighieri Death of Marat Declaration of Clergy of France Declaration of the Rights of Man Declaration of the Rights of Women Declaration of War with Austria Defenestrate Defenestration of Prague Deism Democratic Government Destruction of the Bastille (poem) Dictatorship Divina Comedia (Divine Comedy) Divine Right Ecological Economic Specialization Edict of Milan Edict of Nantes Edict of Thessalonica Elizabeth I English Civil War Estates General Ethics Excommunicate Execution of Louis XVI Execution of Marie Antoinette Execution of Robespierre Fall of Constantinople Feign (to feign) Ferdinand Magellan Festival of the Supreme Being Feudalism Flight to Varennes Florence Foreign War Francis Bacon Francisco Pizarro French Debt French Revolution Calendar Fronde Galileo General Will Geocentric Georges Danton Girondins Glorious Revolution Gothic Architecture Guillotine Hapsburg Family Heliocentric Hernan Cortes Holy Roman Empire Homer Homo Sapiens Humanism Hundred Years’ War Ideological Il Principe (The Prince) Impiety Inalienable Individualism Indulgences Intendants Isaac Newton Ivan the Terrible Jacobins Jacques Necker Janus Jean Baptiste Colbert Jean-Paul Marat Joan of Arc Johann Tetzel Johannes Gutenberg Johannes Kepler John Calvin John Locke Journey to the West Julius Caesar King Charles I King Charles II King Henry VIII King James II Levee Leviathan Logic Louis XIV Louis XVI Louisiana Machiavellian Magna Carta Marie Antoinette Maritime Martin Luther Martyr Mary Wollstonecraft Medici Family Mercantilism Metaphysics Montesquieu Napoleon Bonaparte National Assembly Natural laws Natural rights Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Newton’s Laws of Motion Niccolo Machiavelli Nicholaus Copernicus Nomadic Northern Renaissance Oligarchy Oliver Cromwell Olympe De Gouges On the Social Contract Orator Ottoman Empire Ozymandius Palace of Versailles Parliament Patron Peasants Pericles’ Funeral Oration Perspective Peter the Great Philip II Philosopher Kings Philosophes Plato Pope Leo X Pope Urban II Popular Sovereignty Pre-Columbian Pre-destination Prince Henry the Navigator Privateer Progressive Tax System Proliferate / Proliferation Protected Markets Ptolemy Puritanical Laws Radical Rationalism Reactionary Politics Reconquista Regressive Tax System Reign of Terror Rene Descartes Restoration Revolutionary Tribunals Robert de La Salle Robespierre Roman Aqueducts Roman Empire Roman Republic Roundheads Rousseau Salons Sans-Culottes Second Treatise on Government Secularism Sedentary Seven Years War Sir Francis Drake Smallpox Social Contract Social Mobility Socrates Socratic Method Spanish Inquisition St. Petersburg Status Quo Storming of the Bastille Stuart Dynasty Sun King Syphilis Tennis Court Oath The Allegory of the Cave The Black Death The Church The Crusades The Directory The Enlightenment The Great Schism The Great Terror The Iliad The Moderate Phase The Myth of Sisyphus The Netherlands The Odyssey The People’s Friend The Reformation The Renaissance The Road Not Taken (Frost) The Spanish Armada Theology Thermidorian Reaction Thirty Years War Thomas Aquinas Thomas Hobbes Three Estate System Tithe Treaty of Tordesillas Tudor Family Tuileries Universal Themes Vanishing Point Vasco de Gama Venice Vernacular Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Virtue War of the First Coalition Wars of Expansion (L14) Wealth of Nations What is the Third Estate? William and Mary William Shakespeare Wittenberg Women’s March on Versailles Zheng He